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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== |
| Bronchogenic [[cyst]] is a rare [[benign]] [[congenital malformation]] of the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]] derived from the ventral aspect of the [[foregut]]. It most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of [[gestation]] or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation. Atypical locations may be explained by its embryologic origin.
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| Patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] may be asymptomatic or present with [[respiratory distress]], increasing [[stridor]], feeding difficulties, [[chest pain]], [[cough]], progressive [[dysphagia]], [[odynophagia]], purulent sputum, [[dyspnea]], [[anorexia]] and/or[[ weight loss]].
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| Radiologic findings are useful to differentiate bronchogenic [[cysts]] from other [[cysts]] but may they not always confirm the diagnosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by surgical excision, which is curative, and histological findings of ciliated [[columnar epithelial]] lining of the [[cyst]].
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst diagnosis|Diagnosis]]== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst Diagnostic Study of Choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst History and Symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Physical Examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Laboratory Findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst X-ray|X-ray]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Electrocardiography and ultrasound|Electrocardiography and ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cysts CT|CT]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other Diagnostic Studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| The majority of patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] are [[asymptomatic]] and are diagnosed during investigations for other pathologies.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259 }} </ref><ref name="pmid480084">{{cite journal| author=Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RG| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=480084 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3468(79)80474-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480084 }} </ref>
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| When symptomatic, clinical presentation of bronchogenic [[cyst]] depends on the age of the patient, size and the location of the [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25746696">{{cite journal| author=Jiang JH, Yen SL, Lee SY, Chuang JH| title=Differences in the distribution and presentation of bronchogenic cysts between adults and children. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 399-401 | pmid=25746696 | doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25746696 }} </ref>
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| '''In infants bronchogenic cyst presents with''' <ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27986331">{{cite journal| author=Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M| title=An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= e91-e93 | pmid=27986331 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27986331 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25746696">{{cite journal| author=Jiang JH, Yen SL, Lee SY, Chuang JH| title=Differences in the distribution and presentation of bronchogenic cysts between adults and children. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 399-401 | pmid=25746696 | doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25746696 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27822780">{{cite journal| author=Lin JS, Yu YR, Chiou EH, Chumpitazi BP, Schady DA, Brandt ML| title=Intramural esophageal bronchogenic cyst mimicking achalasia in a toddler. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2017 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 119-123 | pmid=27822780 | doi=10.1007/s00383-016-3994-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27822780 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26112048">{{cite journal| author=Thaller P, Blanchet C, Badr M, Mesnage R, Leboucq N, Mondain M | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome revealing a cervical bronchogenic cyst: a case report. | journal=BMC Pediatr | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 72 | pmid=26112048 | doi=10.1186/s12887-015-0363-2 | pmc=4491209 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26112048 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29099998">{{cite journal| author=Brugha R, Semple T, Cook J, Dusmet M, Rosenthal M| title=Two Bronchogenic Cysts Causing Tracheal Stenosis in an Infant. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2018 | volume= 197 | issue= 2 | pages= 261-262 | pmid=29099998 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201708-1611IM | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29099998 }} </ref>
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| *[[respiratory distress]]
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| *Increasing [[stridor]]
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| *Reccurrent [[croup]]
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| *Feeding difficulties.
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| *Palpable [[neck masses|neck mass]]
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| *[[Duodenal atresia|Non-bilious emesis]]
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| '''In children and adults, bronchogenic cyst presents with'''
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| *Dull [[chest pain]],<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27068723">{{cite journal| author=Chumakova M, Morris-Stiff G, Khachaturov V, Ibrahim S| title=Bronchogenic cyst arising from the crus of the left hemidiaphragm. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= | pmid=27068723 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2015-213658 | pmc=4840741 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27068723 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> with radiation to the shoulder in diaphragmatic broncogenic [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid25131363">{{cite journal| author=Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M| title=[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]. | journal=Rev Pneumol Clin | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 357-61 | pmid=25131363 | doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25131363 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27986331">{{cite journal| author=Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M| title=An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= e91-e93 | pmid=27986331 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27986331 }} </ref>
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| *[[Cough]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076 }} </ref>
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| *Progressive [[dysphagia]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| *[[Odynophagia]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| *[[Wheeze|wheezing]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref>
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| *Adobminal [[bloating]]<ref name="pmid26823885">{{cite journal| author=Gou Y, Wang Y, Fang H, Xu X, Yu W, Zhang K | display-authors=etal| title=Bronchogenic cyst in the hepatogastric ligament masquerading as an esophageal mesenchymal tumor: a case report. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 11 | pages= 15307-11 | pmid=26823885 | doi= | pmc=4713671 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26823885 }} </ref>
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| *[[Fever]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *Palpable [[neck massess|neck mass]]<ref name="pmid25746696">{{cite journal| author=Jiang JH, Yen SL, Lee SY, Chuang JH| title=Differences in the distribution and presentation of bronchogenic cysts between adults and children. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 399-401 | pmid=25746696 | doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25746696 }} </ref>
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| *[[Empyema|purulent sputum]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref>
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| *[[Hemoptysis]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *[[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27986331">{{cite journal| author=Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M| title=An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= e91-e93 | pmid=27986331 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27986331 }} </ref>
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| *[[Anorexia]] and/or [[weight loss]]<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *[[Dizziness]]<ref name="pmid25780019">{{cite journal| author=Xu Q, Feng Y, Ye K, Zhou Y, Zhan R| title=Bronchogenic cyst in left anterior cranial fossa. | journal=Neurology | year= 2015 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 1181-2 | pmid=25780019 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001368 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25780019 }} </ref>
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| *[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]<ref name="pmid26329634">{{cite journal| author=Mega S| title=[Anterior Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ; Report of a Case]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 2015 | volume= 68 | issue= 10 | pages= 871-3 | pmid=26329634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329634 }} </ref>
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| *[[Atrioventricular block]]<ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004 }} </ref>
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| *[[Premature atrial contraction|Atrial]] and [[Premature ventricular contraction|ventricular premature complexes]]<ref name="pmid29897508">{{cite journal| author=Blesneac C, Horvath E, Muntean I, Benedek T, Toganel R| title=Intracardiac bronchogenic cyst associated with ventricular septal defect: an extremely rare feature in children. | journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2018 | volume= 19 | issue= 9 | pages= 1074 | pmid=29897508 | doi=10.1093/ehjci/jey078 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29897508 }} </ref>
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| *[[Amnesia|Memory impairment]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319 }} </ref>
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| *[[Asthenia]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29390371">{{cite journal| author=Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH| title=An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 50 | pages= e9263 | pmid=29390371 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000009263 | pmc=5815783 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29390371 }} </ref>
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| *[[limp|Limping]]<ref name="pmid29390371">{{cite journal| author=Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH| title=An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 50 | pages= e9263 | pmid=29390371 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000009263 | pmc=5815783 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29390371 }} </ref>
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| *[[Seizure]] and [[loss of consciousness]]<ref name="pmid26969135">{{cite journal| author=Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A| title=Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= e1-2 | pmid=26969135 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26969135 }} </ref>
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| *[[Sciatica]]<ref name="pmid28762109">{{cite journal| author=Candy N, Young A, Devadass A, Dean A, McMillen J, Trivedi R| title=Dual lumbar bronchogenic and arachnoid cyst presenting with sciatica and left foot drop. | journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) | year= 2017 | volume= 159 | issue= 10 | pages= 2029-2032 | pmid=28762109 | doi=10.1007/s00701-017-3284-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28762109 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Back pain]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27222776">{{cite journal| author=Atoini F, Ouarssani A, Ouadnouni Y, Smahi M| title=Unusual mode of presentation of intrathoracic bronchogenic cyst: A double location. | journal=Respir Med Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 17 | issue= | pages= 12-6 | pmid=27222776 | doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.10.001 | pmc=4821250 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27222776 }} </ref>
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| *[[Neuralgia]]<ref name="pmid27222776">{{cite journal| author=Atoini F, Ouarssani A, Ouadnouni Y, Smahi M| title=Unusual mode of presentation of intrathoracic bronchogenic cyst: A double location. | journal=Respir Med Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 17 | issue= | pages= 12-6 | pmid=27222776 | doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.10.001 | pmc=4821250 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27222776 }} </ref>
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| *[[Urinary incontinence]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst physical examination | Physical Examination]]
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| Physical examination of patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] is usually normal. On rare occasions, the following signs can be seen
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| *[[Cough]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076 }} </ref>
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| *[[Wheeze|wheezing]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref>
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| *[[Stridor]]<ref name="pmid27986331">{{cite journal| author=Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M| title=An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= e91-e93 | pmid=27986331 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27986331 }} </ref>
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| *[[Hemoptysis]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *[[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27986331">{{cite journal| author=Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M| title=An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2017 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= e91-e93 | pmid=27986331 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27986331 }} </ref>
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| *[[Tracheal deviation]]<ref name="pmid26112048">{{cite journal| author=Thaller P, Blanchet C, Badr M, Mesnage R, Leboucq N, Mondain M | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome revealing a cervical bronchogenic cyst: a case report. | journal=BMC Pediatr | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 72 | pmid=26112048 | doi=10.1186/s12887-015-0363-2 | pmc=4491209 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26112048 }} </ref>
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| *[[ascites|Fluid-thrill]]<ref name="pmid29389833">{{cite journal| author=Nachef Z, Harris K, Dhillon SS| title=Bronchogenic Cyst: Fluid-thrill Sign on Endobronchial Ultrasound. | journal=J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol | year= 2018 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 224-227 | pmid=29389833 | doi=10.1097/LBR.0000000000000473 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29389833 }} </ref>
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| *[[Anorexia]] and/or [[weight loss]]<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *[[Fever]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *[[Asthenia]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29390371">{{cite journal| author=Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH| title=An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 50 | pages= e9263 | pmid=29390371 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000009263 | pmc=5815783 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29390371 }} </ref>
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| *[[Foot drop]]<ref name="pmid28762109">{{cite journal| author=Candy N, Young A, Devadass A, Dean A, McMillen J, Trivedi R| title=Dual lumbar bronchogenic and arachnoid cyst presenting with sciatica and left foot drop. | journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) | year= 2017 | volume= 159 | issue= 10 | pages= 2029-2032 | pmid=28762109 | doi=10.1007/s00701-017-3284-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28762109 }} </ref>
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| *[[Atrophy]]<ref name="pmid29390371">{{cite journal| author=Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH| title=An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 50 | pages= e9263 | pmid=29390371 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000009263 | pmc=5815783 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29390371 }} </ref>
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| *[[Heart murmur]]<ref name="pmid25750196">{{cite journal| author=Hayabuchi Y, Sakata M, Kagami S| title=Bronchogenic cyst compressing the pulmonary artery and the left atrium. | journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 746 | pmid=25750196 | doi=10.1093/ehjci/jev059 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25750196 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29897508">{{cite journal| author=Blesneac C, Horvath E, Muntean I, Benedek T, Toganel R| title=Intracardiac bronchogenic cyst associated with ventricular septal defect: an extremely rare feature in children. | journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging | year= 2018 | volume= 19 | issue= 9 | pages= 1074 | pmid=29897508 | doi=10.1093/ehjci/jey078 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29897508 }} </ref>
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| *[[Tenderness]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref>
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| *Cutanous pigmentation<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref>
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| *Negative [[Neurological examination|knee]] and [[Neurological examination|ankle reflexes]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref>
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| *[[Hypoesthesia|Numbness]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30702626">{{cite journal| author=Chen F, Marx S, Zhang C, Cao J, Yu Y, Chen D| title=Intramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the foramen magnum region accompanied with syringomyelia: A case report and literature review. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 | pages= e14353 | pmid=30702626 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000014353 | pmc=6380722 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30702626 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
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| *Some patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] may have elevated serum [[tumor marker|tumor makers]] CA125 and CA19-9, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28767594">{{cite journal| author=Wang M, He X, Qiu X, Tian C, Li J, Lv M| title=Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst resembling an adrenal tumor with high levels of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 31 | pages= e7678 | pmid=28767594 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000007678 | pmc=5626148 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28767594 }} </ref>
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| '''Despite enhanced imaging modalities, a definitive diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is challenging preoperatively.'''<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | |
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| An x-ray with [[esophagography]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] include:<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *Homogeneous non-calcified soft tissue density mass.
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| *Round to oval opacity
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| *Secondary excavation
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| *Cavity with or without levels
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| *[[Atelectasis]]
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| *[[Hydropneumothorax]]
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| [[File:CXR BRONCHOGENIC CYST.jpeg|400px|left|thumb|Frontal [[Chest X-ray]] showing left bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/bronchogenic-cyst-16?lang=gb Radiopedia])]]
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| <br style=''clear:left”>
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| [[File:LATERAL VIEW OF BRONCHOGENIC CYST.jpeg|400px|left|thumb|Lateral [[Chest X-ray]] showing left bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/bronchogenic-cyst-16?lang=gb Radiopedia])]]
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| <br style="clear:left">
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst CT|CT]]
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| CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. The density of bronchogenic [[cysts]] is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid.<ref name="pmid11058643">{{cite journal| author=McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S| title=Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. | journal=Radiology | year= 2000 | volume= 217 | issue= 2 | pages= 441-6 | pmid=11058643 | doi=10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11058643 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29939368">{{cite journal| author=Chen TJ, Liao CH, Shen TC| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=QJM | year= 2018 | volume= 111 | issue= 12 | pages= 905 | pmid=29939368 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcy140 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29939368 }} </ref> Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is an
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| *[[cyst|Cysic mass]] with air-fluid levels<ref name="pmid23013612">{{cite journal| author=Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q | display-authors=etal| title=A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= | pages= 94 | pmid=23013612 | doi=10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | pmc=3599576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013612 }} </ref>
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| *ovoid and well-defined encapsulated low-density [[cyst|cystic mass]] with no contrast enhancement.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| *Thin subtle walls
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| [[image:Mediastinal bc with aspiration gif.gif|400px|left|thumb|Non-contrast enhanced axial CT of mediastinal bronchogenic cyst showing a well-defined anterior mediastinal mass with incomplete peripheral thin linear calcification.. Case courtesy of Dr Mostafa El-Feky (picture courtesy: [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/bronchogenic-cyst-5?lang=gb Radiopaedia])]]
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| <br style="clear:left">
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| [[image:Coronal view of bronchogenic cyst.gif|400px|left|thumb|Non-contrast enhanced coronal CT of bronchogenic cyst showing air-fluid levels. Case courtest of Dr Muhammad Shoyab (picture courtesy:https://radiopaedia.org/cases/mediastinal-bronchogenic-cyst-1?lang=gb Radipaedia])]]
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| <br style="clear:left">
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | |
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| MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. After contrast injection, enhancement of the [[cyst]] is frequently absent.<ref name="pmid26234845">{{cite journal| author=Olsen M, Mitchell TA, Percival TJ, Helsel BS| title=Interatrial Bronchogenic Cyst Resection. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 709-11 | pmid=26234845 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26234845 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11058643">{{cite journal| author=McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S| title=Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. | journal=Radiology | year= 2000 | volume= 217 | issue= 2 | pages= 441-6 | pmid=11058643 | doi=10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11058643 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29939368">{{cite journal| author=Chen TJ, Liao CH, Shen TC| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=QJM | year= 2018 | volume= 111 | issue= 12 | pages= 905 | pmid=29939368 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcy140 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29939368 }} </ref> Findings on MRI suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] include
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| *T1-weighted images show ipointense signal
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| *T2-weighted images show hyperintense signal.
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| [[File:MRI at the level of T1 (1).png|400px|left|thumb|MRI of the chest at the level of T1 demonstrating a broncogenic [[cyst]]. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/bronchogenic-cyst-16?lang=gb Radiopedia])]]
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| <br style="clear:left">
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| [[File:MRI at the level of T2.png|400px|left|thumb|MRI of the chest at the level of T1 demonstrating a broncogenic [[cyst]]. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/bronchogenic-cyst-16?lang=gb Radiopedia])]]
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | |
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| [[ultrasound]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Finding on an [[ultrasound]] suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] include
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| *On endobronchial [[ultrasound]], an anechoic or hypoechoic fluid filled solid mass.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076 }} </ref>
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| *On transthoracic echocardiography revealing intracardiac [[cyst|cystic mass]]<ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004 }} </ref>
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| *On [[Endoscopy|endoscopic ultrasonography]], which demonstartes abdominal anatomic relations of the [[cyst]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| [[File:Ultrasound of bronchogenic cyst.jpg|400px|left|thumb| Fetal Ultrasound (Picture courtesy: [http://www.fetalultrasound.com/online/text/6-041.htm Fetalultrasound])]]
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| <br style="clear:left">
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| [[File:Ultrasound of bronchogenic cyst...jpg|400px|left|thumb| Fetal Ultrasound (Picture courtesy: [http://www.fetalultrasound.com/online/text/6-041.htm Fetalultrasound])]]
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | |
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| Other diagnostic studies for bronchogenic cyst include:
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| *[[Excision]] and [[H&E stain|Hematoxylin and Eosin staining]],<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref> which demonstrates cillated [[columar epithelia]] cells is definitive for broncogenic [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *[[Immunohistochemistry|Immunohistochemical staining]]of bronchogenic [[cyst]] of esophagus , whcich demonstartes a positive expression of CA199 and CA125.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| *[[Bronchoscopy]], which demonstrates pink [[cyst|cystic mass]] with bronchial attachment<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *[[endoscopy|Gastroendoscopy]] which demonstartes abdominal anatomic relations of the [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26823885">{{cite journal| author=Gou Y, Wang Y, Fang H, Xu X, Yu W, Zhang K | display-authors=etal| title=Bronchogenic cyst in the hepatogastric ligament masquerading as an esophageal mesenchymal tumor: a case report. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 11 | pages= 15307-11 | pmid=26823885 | doi= | pmc=4713671 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26823885 }} </ref>
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| *[[fluorodeoxyglucose]]-[[positron emission tomography]] to confirm [[cyst]] infection<ref name="pmid30098916">{{cite journal| author=Yildiz H, Reichwein R, Poncelet A, Lacroix V, D'abadie P, Ghaye B | display-authors=etal| title=An unusual case of cardiac tamponade: Bronchogenic cyst infection due to Salmonella bredeney. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2019 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-153 | pmid=30098916 | doi=10.1016/j.jiac.2018.07.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30098916 }} </ref>
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Surgery]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst intervention|Intervention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for bronchogenic [[cyst]] even when the patients are asymptomatic,<ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259 }} </ref>conservative approach is not approved.<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref> Surgery is imperative with symptoms such as <ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| *[[Dyspnea]]
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| *[[Dysphagia]]
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| *Pain
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| *Purulent [[sputum]]
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| *[[Hemoptysis]]
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| Most commonly used approaches for complete excision of bronchogenic [[cysts]] are<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076 }} </ref>
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| *[[Thoracotomy]]
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| *[[Thoracoscopy]]
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| Other procedures include
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| *Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection<ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref>
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| *Percutaneous catheter drainage or endoscopic ultrasonographic guided-fine needle aspiration<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> with sterile alcohol ablation has been used in selected high-risk patients, especially adults, but has no place in pediatric therapeutics.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| *[[thoracoscopy|video-assisted thorascopic surgery]]<ref name="pmid25131363">{{cite journal| author=Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M| title=[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]. | journal=Rev Pneumol Clin | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 357-61 | pmid=25131363 | doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25131363 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25038917">{{cite journal| author=Jung HS, Kim DK, Lee GD, Sim HJ, Choi SH, Kim HR | display-authors=etal| title=Video-assisted thoracic surgery for bronchogenic cysts: is this the surgical approach of choice? | journal=Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 824-9 | pmid=25038917 | doi=10.1093/icvts/ivu228 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25038917 }} </ref>
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| *Transtracheal needle aspiration<ref name="pmid3562032">{{cite journal| author=Cohn JR, Wechsler R, Zawid J, Brodovsky HS| title=Resolution of a mediastinal cyst by transtracheal needle aspiration. | journal=Pa Med | year= 1987 | volume= 90 | issue= 3 | pages= 64, 66 | pmid=3562032 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3562032 }} </ref>
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| *[[Craniotomy]] with resection for cranial bronchogenic [[cyst]]craniotomy with resection<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319 }} </ref>
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| *[[Median sternotomy|Sternotomy]] for cardiac [[cyst]]<ref name="pmid26234845">{{cite journal| author=Olsen M, Mitchell TA, Percival TJ, Helsel BS| title=Interatrial Bronchogenic Cyst Resection. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 709-11 | pmid=26234845 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26234845 }} </ref>
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| *[[Laminectomy]] for intraspinal [[cyst]]<ref name="pmid26097578">{{cite journal| author=Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 3937-42 | pmid=26097578 | doi= | pmc=4466965 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26097578 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29390371">{{cite journal| author=Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH| title=An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 50 | pages= e9263 | pmid=29390371 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000009263 | pmc=5815783 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29390371 }} </ref>
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| *[[ICD-9-CM Volume 3|Marsupialisation]]<ref name="pmid28762109">{{cite journal| author=Candy N, Young A, Devadass A, Dean A, McMillen J, Trivedi R| title=Dual lumbar bronchogenic and arachnoid cyst presenting with sciatica and left foot drop. | journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) | year= 2017 | volume= 159 | issue= 10 | pages= 2029-2032 | pmid=28762109 | doi=10.1007/s00701-017-3284-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28762109 }} </ref>
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| Complete surgical [[resection]] is curative.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid480084">{{cite journal| author=Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RG| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=480084 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3468(79)80474-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480084 }} </ref> Risk during surgery is usually low, [[complication|complications]] include but are not limited to persistent air leak,<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref> pulmonary and vascular compressions, vascular, pleural, tracheobronchial, pulmonary, mediastinal and diaphragmatic [[adhesion|adhesions]],<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref> inflammatory [[stenosis]],<ref name="pmid26112048">{{cite journal| author=Thaller P, Blanchet C, Badr M, Mesnage R, Leboucq N, Mondain M | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome revealing a cervical bronchogenic cyst: a case report. | journal=BMC Pediatr | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 72 | pmid=26112048 | doi=10.1186/s12887-015-0363-2 | pmc=4491209 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26112048 }} </ref> and [[Third degree AV block|thrid degree heart block]].<ref name="pmid26234845">{{cite journal| author=Olsen M, Mitchell TA, Percival TJ, Helsel BS| title=Interatrial Bronchogenic Cyst Resection. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 709-11 | pmid=26234845 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26234845 }} </ref>
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| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
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