Bacteremia

Bacteremia
ICD-10	A49.9 (NOS)
ICD-9	790.7
MeSH	D016470

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Bacteremia (Bacteræmia in British English, also known as blood poisoning or toxemia) is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Bacteremia is different to sepsis in that it refers to the presence, not the replication, of pathogens.

Diagnosis

Bacteremia is most commonly diagnosed by blood culture, in which a sample of blood is allowed to incubate with a medium that promotes bacterial growth. Since blood is normally sterile, this process does not normally lead to the isolation of bacteria. If, however, bacteria are present in the bloodstream at the time the sample is obtained, the bacteria will multiply and can thereby be detected. Any bacteria that incidentally find their way to the culture medium will also multiply. For this reason, blood cultures must be drawn with great attention to sterile process. Occasionally, blood cultures will reveal the presence of bacteria that represent contamination from the skin through which the culture was obtained. Blood cultures must be repeated at intervals to determine if persistent — rather than transient — bacteremia is present.

Causes

In the hospital, indwelling catheters are a frequent cause of bacteremia and subsequent nosocomial infections, because they provide a means by which bacteria normally found on the skin can enter the bloodstream. Other causes of bacteremia include dental procedures (occasionally including simple tooth brushing), herpes (including herpetic whitlow), urinary tract infections, intravenous drug use, and colorectal cancer. Bacteremia may also be seen in oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal or genitourinary surgery or exploration.

Consequences

Bacteremia is the principal means by which local infections are spread to distant organs (referred to as hematogenous spread). Bacteremia is typically transient rather than continuous, due to a vigorous immune system response when bacteria are detected in the blood. Hematogenous dissemination of bacteria is part of the pathophysiology of meningitis and endocarditis, and of Pott's disease and many other forms of osteomyelitis.

A related condition, septicemia, refers to the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream.

Bacteremia, as noted above, frequently elicits a vigorous immune system response. The constellation of findings related to this response (such as fever, chills, or hypotension) is referred to as sepsis. In the setting of more severe disturbances of temperature, respiration, heart rate or white blood cell count, the response is characterized as sepsis syndrome, septic shock, and may result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.

See also

• Fungemia
• Septicemia

External links

• Autointoxication

Cost Effectiveness of Bacteremia

| group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Bacteremia | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Bacteremia at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Bacteremia • Clinical Trials on Bacteremia at Google

| group6 = Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Bacteremia | list6 = US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Bacteremia • NICE Guidance on Bacteremia • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Bacteremia • CDC on Bacteremia

| group7 = Textbook Information on Bacteremia | list7 = Books and Textbook Information on Bacteremia

| group8 = Pharmacology Resources on Bacteremia | list8 = AND (Dose)}} Dosing of Bacteremia • AND (drug interactions)}} Drug interactions with Bacteremia • AND (side effects)}} Side effects of Bacteremia • AND (Allergy)}} Allergic reactions to Bacteremia • AND (overdose)}} Overdose information on Bacteremia • AND (carcinogenicity)}} Carcinogenicity information on Bacteremia • AND (pregnancy)}} Bacteremia in pregnancy • AND (pharmacokinetics)}} Pharmacokinetics of Bacteremia •

| group9 = Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Bacteremia | list9 = AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Genetics of Bacteremia • AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Pharmacogenomics of Bacteremia • AND (proteomics)}} Proteomics of Bacteremia

| group10 = Newstories on Bacteremia | list10 = Bacteremia in the news • Be alerted to news on Bacteremia • News trends on Bacteremia</small>

| group11 = Commentary on Bacteremia | list11 = Blogs on Bacteremia

| group12 = Patient Resources on Bacteremia | list12 = Patient resources on Bacteremia • Discussion groups on Bacteremia • Patient Handouts on Bacteremia • Directions to Hospitals Treating Bacteremia • Risk calculators and risk factors for Bacteremia

| group13 = Healthcare Provider Resources on Bacteremia | list13 = Symptoms of Bacteremia • Causes & Risk Factors for Bacteremia • Diagnostic studies for Bacteremia • Treatment of Bacteremia

| group14 = Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Bacteremia | list14 = CME Programs on Bacteremia

| group15 = International Resources on Bacteremia | list15 = Bacteremia en Espanol • Bacteremia en Francais

| group16 = Business Resources on Bacteremia | list16 = Bacteremia in the Marketplace • Patents on Bacteremia

| group17 = Informatics Resources on Bacteremia | list17 = List of terms related to Bacteremia

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