Atelectasis classification: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
Aditya Ganti (talk | contribs) |
||
| (3 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Atelectasis}} | {{Atelectasis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Cherry}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Atelectasis]] may be classified based on etiology into [[Obstruction|obstructive]] and non-obstructive types. Obstructive atelectasis, is the most common type of atelectasis which may develop due to [[obstruction]] by [[foreign bodies]], [[Tumor|tumors]] and mucus plugs. Atelectasis may also be classified based on duration of symptoms into acute and chronic types. Acute atelectasis is associated with airlessness due to recent lung collapse while chronic atelectasis involves a combination of [[infection]], [[Bronchiole|bronchial]] destruction, and [[fibrosis]], in adition to airlessness. | |||
[ | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
| Line 36: | Line 9: | ||
[[Atelectasis]] may be classified based on etiology into [[Obstruction|obstructive]] and non-obstructive types. | [[Atelectasis]] may be classified based on etiology into [[Obstruction|obstructive]] and non-obstructive types. | ||
=== Obstructive atelectasis === | === Based on Etiology === | ||
* Obstructive atelectasis, which is the most common type of atelectasis may develop due to [[obstruction]] by [[foreign bodies]], [[Tumor|tumors]] and mucus plugs. In case of obstruction from the [[Tracheal bronchus|trachea]] to the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] at any level, [[Alveolus|alveolar]] gas reabsorption may occur leading to subsequent atelectasis.<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
==== Obstructive atelectasis ==== | |||
* Obstructive atelectasis, which is the most common type of atelectasis may develop due to [[obstruction]] by [[foreign bodies]], [[Tumor|tumors]] and mucus plugs. | |||
* In case of obstruction from the [[Tracheal bronchus|trachea]] to the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] at any level, [[Alveolus|alveolar]] gas reabsorption may occur leading to subsequent atelectasis.<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
* Middle lobe syndrome (fixed or recurrent atelectasis of the [[lingula]]/ right middle lobe) may occur due to [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjogren’s syndrome]]. Intraluminal or extraluminal [[obstruction]] (compression of the [[Bronchus|bronchi]] by adjacent structures) may result in middle lobe syndrome.<ref name="pmid16548837">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF |title=Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=294–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16548837 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6611925">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C |title=Peripheral middle lobe syndrome |journal=Radiology |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |year=1983 |pmid=6611925 |doi=10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925 |url=}}</ref> | * Middle lobe syndrome (fixed or recurrent atelectasis of the [[lingula]]/ right middle lobe) may occur due to [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjogren’s syndrome]]. Intraluminal or extraluminal [[obstruction]] (compression of the [[Bronchus|bronchi]] by adjacent structures) may result in middle lobe syndrome.<ref name="pmid16548837">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF |title=Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=294–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16548837 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6611925">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C |title=Peripheral middle lobe syndrome |journal=Radiology |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |year=1983 |pmid=6611925 |doi=10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925 |url=}}</ref> | ||
=== Non-obstructive atelectasis === | ==== Non-obstructive atelectasis ==== | ||
* Non obstructive atelectasis may occur due to the following reasons:<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlAtelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention">{{cite web |url=http://www.innerbody.com/diseases-conditions/atelectasis |title=Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * Non obstructive atelectasis may occur due to the following reasons:<ref name="urlAtelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic">{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684 |title=Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlAtelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention">{{cite web |url=http://www.innerbody.com/diseases-conditions/atelectasis |title=Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
** Severe lung scarring caused by necrotizing [[pneumonia]] or [[Sarcoidosis|granulomatous diseases]]: Cicatrisation atelectasis | ** Severe lung scarring caused by necrotizing [[pneumonia]] or [[Sarcoidosis|granulomatous diseases]]: Cicatrisation atelectasis | ||
| Line 49: | Line 25: | ||
** Formation of fibrous bands which adhere the [[lung]] to the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] in patients with [[asbestosis]]: Rounded atelectasis | ** Formation of fibrous bands which adhere the [[lung]] to the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] in patients with [[asbestosis]]: Rounded atelectasis | ||
** Complication of [[surgery]] or [[Anesthesia|anaesthesia]] leading to decreased surfactant activity and dysfunction of the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]: Postoperative atelectasis | ** Complication of [[surgery]] or [[Anesthesia|anaesthesia]] leading to decreased surfactant activity and dysfunction of the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]: Postoperative atelectasis | ||
===Acute Atelectasis=== | === Based on Duration === | ||
* Acute atelectasis is associated with airlessness due to recent lung collapse. | Atelectasis may also be classified based on duration of symptoms into acute and chronic types. | ||
====Acute Atelectasis==== | |||
* Acute atelectasis is associated with airlessness due to recent [[lung]] collapse. | |||
* Acute atelectasis includes postoperative atelectasis, after thoracic or abdominal surgery, chest trauma, and rib fractures. Surfactant deficiency, excessive oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may lead to acute atelectasis. | * Acute atelectasis includes postoperative atelectasis, after thoracic or abdominal surgery, chest trauma, and rib fractures. Surfactant deficiency, excessive oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may lead to acute atelectasis. | ||
===Chronic Atelectasis=== | ====Chronic Atelectasis==== | ||
* Chronic atelectasis is not only associated with airlessness, but a combination of infection, bronchial destruction, widening and fibrosis leading to scarring. | * Chronic atelectasis is not only associated with airlessness, but a combination of [[infection]], bronchial destruction, widening and [[fibrosis]] leading to [[scarring]]. | ||
* Middle lobe syndrome and rounded atelectasis are causes of chronic atelectasis. | * Middle lobe syndrome and rounded atelectasis are causes of chronic atelectasis. | ||
* | * '''Middle lobe syndrome''' (fixed or recurrent atelectasis of the [[lingula]]/ right middle lobe) may occur due to [[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjogren’s syndrome]]. Intraluminal or extraluminal [[obstruction]] (compression of the [[Bronchus|bronchi]] by adjacent structures) may result in middle lobe syndrome.<ref name="pmid165488372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF |title=Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=294–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16548837 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid66119252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C |title=Peripheral middle lobe syndrome |journal=Radiology |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |year=1983 |pmid=6611925 |doi=10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* '''Rounded atelectasis''' is characterized by the formation of fibrous bands which adhere the [[lung]] to the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] in patients with [[asbestosis]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:53, 26 February 2018
|
Atelectasis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Atelectasis classification On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Atelectasis classification |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Atelectasis classification |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]
Overview
Atelectasis may be classified based on etiology into obstructive and non-obstructive types. Obstructive atelectasis, is the most common type of atelectasis which may develop due to obstruction by foreign bodies, tumors and mucus plugs. Atelectasis may also be classified based on duration of symptoms into acute and chronic types. Acute atelectasis is associated with airlessness due to recent lung collapse while chronic atelectasis involves a combination of infection, bronchial destruction, and fibrosis, in adition to airlessness.
Classification
Atelectasis may be classified based on etiology into obstructive and non-obstructive types.
Based on Etiology
Obstructive atelectasis
- Obstructive atelectasis, which is the most common type of atelectasis may develop due to obstruction by foreign bodies, tumors and mucus plugs.
- In case of obstruction from the trachea to the alveoli at any level, alveolar gas reabsorption may occur leading to subsequent atelectasis.[1]
- Middle lobe syndrome (fixed or recurrent atelectasis of the lingula/ right middle lobe) may occur due to Sjogren’s syndrome. Intraluminal or extraluminal obstruction (compression of the bronchi by adjacent structures) may result in middle lobe syndrome.[2][3]
Non-obstructive atelectasis
- Non obstructive atelectasis may occur due to the following reasons:[1][4]
- Severe lung scarring caused by necrotizing pneumonia or granulomatous diseases: Cicatrisation atelectasis
- Lung infiltration: Replacement atelectasis
- Extrinsic lung compression: Due to thoracic space occupying lesions
- Diminished levels of surfactant: Adhesive atelectasis presenting as ARDS
- Absence of contact between the parietal and visceral pleurae due to fluid (pleural effusion), air (pneumothorax), blood (hemothorax): Passive atelectasis
- Formation of fibrous bands which adhere the lung to the pleura in patients with asbestosis: Rounded atelectasis
- Complication of surgery or anaesthesia leading to decreased surfactant activity and dysfunction of the diaphragm: Postoperative atelectasis
Based on Duration
Atelectasis may also be classified based on duration of symptoms into acute and chronic types.
Acute Atelectasis
- Acute atelectasis is associated with airlessness due to recent lung collapse.
- Acute atelectasis includes postoperative atelectasis, after thoracic or abdominal surgery, chest trauma, and rib fractures. Surfactant deficiency, excessive oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may lead to acute atelectasis.
Chronic Atelectasis
- Chronic atelectasis is not only associated with airlessness, but a combination of infection, bronchial destruction, widening and fibrosis leading to scarring.
- Middle lobe syndrome and rounded atelectasis are causes of chronic atelectasis.
- Middle lobe syndrome (fixed or recurrent atelectasis of the lingula/ right middle lobe) may occur due to Sjogren’s syndrome. Intraluminal or extraluminal obstruction (compression of the bronchi by adjacent structures) may result in middle lobe syndrome.[5][6]
- Rounded atelectasis is characterized by the formation of fibrous bands which adhere the lung to the pleura in patients with asbestosis.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Atelectasis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic".
- ↑ Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF (2006). "Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome". Med. J. Aust. 184 (6): 294–5. PMID 16548837.
- ↑ Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C (1983). "Peripheral middle lobe syndrome". Radiology. 149 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925. PMID 6611925.
- ↑ "Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention".
- ↑ Chen HA, Lai SL, Kwang WK, Liu JC, Chen CH, Huang DF (2006). "Middle lobe syndrome as the pulmonary manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome". Med. J. Aust. 184 (6): 294–5. PMID 16548837.
- ↑ Rosenbloom SA, Ravin CE, Putman CE, Sealy WC, Vock P, Clark TJ, Godwin JD, Chen JT, Baber C (1983). "Peripheral middle lobe syndrome". Radiology. 149 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1148/radiology.149.1.6611925. PMID 6611925.