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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Anemia of chronic disease}} | {{Anemia of chronic disease}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{shyam}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The primary goal in the treatment of [[anemia]] of chronic disease is to treat the underlying [[disease]] itself. [[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of above 100 ng/mL. [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral supplementaion.]] Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoietin]]. It is important to give [[oral]] [[iron]] supplementation to all the patients receiving [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoetin]], in order to maintain a t[[Transferrin|ransferrin]] [[saturation]] more than 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] more than 100 ng/mL. In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. If the case is underlying [[malignancy]], [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] may transiently exacerbate [[anemia]] due to [[Bone marrow suppression| | The primary goal in the treatment of [[anemia]] of chronic disease is to treat the underlying [[disease]] itself. [[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of above 100 ng/mL. [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral supplementaion.]] Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoietin]]. It is important to give [[oral]] [[iron]] supplementation to all the patients receiving [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoetin]], in order to maintain a t[[Transferrin|ransferrin]] [[saturation]] more than 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] more than 100 ng/mL. In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. If the case is underlying [[malignancy]], [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] may transiently exacerbate [[anemia]] due to [[Bone marrow suppression|myelosuppressive]] effects, but in the long term, it leads to improvement. If the cause is [[Inflammatory|inflammatory disorder]], such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] the management of the disease with a [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drug]] [[DMARD|(DMARD]]) improves the [[anemia]] significantly. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
*If the root cause of [[anemia]] is not found, a detailed search for [[Inflammatory|inflammatory disorders]] such as [[inflammatory bowel disease]] and [[malignancy]] should be carried. | *If the root cause of [[anemia]] is not found, a detailed search for [[Inflammatory|inflammatory disorders]] such as [[inflammatory bowel disease]] and [[malignancy]] should be carried. | ||
==== Supplemental iron | ==== Supplemental iron ==== | ||
*[[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of above 100 ng/mL.<ref name="pmid15051778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR, McIlwain M, Ackerman A, Bahrain H, Balan S, Barker L, Rana J |title=Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1301–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15051778 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.08.119 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of above 100 ng/mL.<ref name="pmid15051778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR, McIlwain M, Ackerman A, Bahrain H, Balan S, Barker L, Rana J |title=Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1301–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15051778 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.08.119 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*A variety of oral iron formulations can be used, such as ferrous sulfate. | |||
==== Intravenous iron | ==== Intravenous iron ==== | ||
*[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral | *[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral supplementation]]. | ||
*[[Intestinal]] absorption of [[iron]] is greatly reduced due to [[hepcidin]] activity at [[Intestinal|intestinal lining]]. | *[[Intestinal]] absorption of [[iron]] is greatly reduced due to [[hepcidin]] activity at [[Intestinal|intestinal lining]]. | ||
*[[Hepcidin]]-induced entrapment of [[iron]] can be managed with [[parenteral]] iron infusions. | *[[Hepcidin]]-induced entrapment of [[iron]] can be managed with [[parenteral]] iron infusions. | ||
*A variety of IV iron formulations can be used, such as iron sucrose, iron dextran, or ferric carboxymaltose. | |||
==== Erythropoietin | ==== Erythropoietin ==== | ||
In the case of a patient who does not respond to [[oral]] iron, [[parenteral]] iron infusions [[erythropoietin]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid8049455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spivak JL |title=Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer |journal=Blood |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=997–1004 |date=August 1994 |pmid=8049455 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | In the case of a patient who does not respond to [[oral]] iron, [[parenteral]] iron infusions [[erythropoietin]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid8049455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spivak JL |title=Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer |journal=Blood |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=997–1004 |date=August 1994 |pmid=8049455 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]].<ref name="pmid11953880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D |title=The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1243–9 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11953880 |pmc=2375336 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247 |url=}}</ref> | *Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]].<ref name="pmid11953880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D |title=The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1243–9 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11953880 |pmc=2375336 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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*It is important to give [[oral]] [[iron]] supplementation to all the patients receiving [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoetin]], in order to maintain a t[[Transferrin|ransferrin]] [[saturation]] more than 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] more than 100 ng/mL. | *It is important to give [[oral]] [[iron]] supplementation to all the patients receiving [[erythropoietin]] or [[darbepoetin]], in order to maintain a t[[Transferrin|ransferrin]] [[saturation]] more than 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] more than 100 ng/mL. | ||
==== Blood Transfusion | ==== Blood Transfusion ==== | ||
*In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. | *In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. | ||
*Blood transfusions, if performed frequently, can result in iron overload and circulatory overload. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 06:59, 2 December 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Overview
The primary goal in the treatment of anemia of chronic disease is to treat the underlying disease itself. Supplemental iron is recommended, as needed, to keep the transferrin saturation of above 20 percent and a serum ferritin level of above 100 ng/mL. Intravenous iron is more effective than oral supplementaion. Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared erythropoiesis-stimulating agent such as erythropoietin or darbepoietin. It is important to give oral iron supplementation to all the patients receiving erythropoietin or darbepoetin, in order to maintain a transferrin saturation more than 20 percent and a serum ferritin more than 100 ng/mL. In case of severe disease, blood transfusion is recommended. If the case is underlying malignancy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may transiently exacerbate anemia due to myelosuppressive effects, but in the long term, it leads to improvement. If the cause is inflammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis the management of the disease with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) improves the anemia significantly.
Medical Therapy
The primary goal in the treatment of anemia of chronic disease is to treat the underlying disease itself.[1]
- If the cause is underlying malignancy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may transiently exacerbate anemia due to mylesuppressive effects, however in the long term, it leads to improvement.
- If the cause is inflammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis the management of the disease with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) improves the anemia significantly.[2]
- If the root cause of anemia is not found, a detailed search for inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and malignancy should be carried.
Supplemental iron
- Supplemental iron is recommended, as needed, to keep the transferrin saturation of above 20 percent and a serum ferritin level of above 100 ng/mL.[3]
- A variety of oral iron formulations can be used, such as ferrous sulfate.
Intravenous iron
- Intravenous iron is more effective than oral supplementation.
- Intestinal absorption of iron is greatly reduced due to hepcidin activity at intestinal lining.
- Hepcidin-induced entrapment of iron can be managed with parenteral iron infusions.
- A variety of IV iron formulations can be used, such as iron sucrose, iron dextran, or ferric carboxymaltose.
Erythropoietin
In the case of a patient who does not respond to oral iron, parenteral iron infusions erythropoietin should be considered.[4]
- Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared erythropoiesis-stimulating agent such as erythropoietin.[5]
- Erythropoietin can be given once per week, while darbepoetin should be administered once every two or three weeks.
- It is important to give oral iron supplementation to all the patients receiving erythropoietin or darbepoetin, in order to maintain a transferrin saturation more than 20 percent and a serum ferritin more than 100 ng/mL.
Blood Transfusion
- In case of severe disease, blood transfusion is recommended.
- Blood transfusions, if performed frequently, can result in iron overload and circulatory overload.
References
- ↑ Zarychanski R, Houston DS (August 2008). "Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response?". CMAJ. 179 (4): 333–7. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071131. PMC 2492976. PMID 18695181.
- ↑ Cash JM, Sears DA (December 1989). "The anemia of chronic disease: spectrum of associated diseases in a series of unselected hospitalized patients". Am. J. Med. 87 (6): 638–44. PMID 2589399.
- ↑ Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR, McIlwain M, Ackerman A, Bahrain H, Balan S, Barker L, Rana J (April 2004). "Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial". J. Clin. Oncol. 22 (7): 1301–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.08.119. PMID 15051778.
- ↑ Spivak JL (August 1994). "Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer". Blood. 84 (4): 997–1004. PMID 8049455.
- ↑ Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D (April 2002). "The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life". Br. J. Cancer. 86 (8): 1243–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247. PMC 2375336. PMID 11953880.