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==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
The primary goal in the treatment of [[anemia]] of chronic disease is to treat the underlying [[disease]] itself.<ref name="pmid18695181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zarychanski R, Houston DS |title=Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? |journal=CMAJ |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18695181 |pmc=2492976 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.071131 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*If the cause is underlying [[malignancy]], [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]] may transiently exacerbate [[anemia]] due to [[Bone marrow suppression|mylesuppressive]] effects, however in the long term, it leads to improvement. | |||
*If the cause is [[Inflammatory|inflammatory disorder]], such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] the management of the disease with a [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drug]] [[DMARD|(DMARD]]) improves the [[anemia]] significantly.<ref name="pmid2589399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash JM, Sears DA |title=The anemia of chronic disease: spectrum of associated diseases in a series of unselected hospitalized patients |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=638–44 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2589399 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*If the root cause of [[anemia]] is not found, a detailed search for [[Inflammatory|inflammatory disorders]] such as [[inflammatory bowel disease]] and [[malignancy]] should be carried. | |||
==== Supplemental iron: ==== | ==== Supplemental iron: ==== | ||
*[[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of | *[[Iron|Supplemental iron]] is recommended, as needed, to keep the [[transferrin]] saturation of above 20 percent and a [[serum]] [[ferritin]] level of above 100 ng/mL.<ref name="pmid15051778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR, McIlwain M, Ackerman A, Bahrain H, Balan S, Barker L, Rana J |title=Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1301–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15051778 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.08.119 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==== Intravenous iron: ==== | ==== Intravenous iron: ==== | ||
* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral supplementaion.]] | *[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[iron]] is more effective than [[Oral|oral supplementaion.]] | ||
*[[Intestinal]] absorption of [[iron]] is greatly reduced due to [[hepcidin]] activity at [[Intestinal|intestinal lining]]. | *[[Intestinal]] absorption of [[iron]] is greatly reduced due to [[hepcidin]] activity at [[Intestinal|intestinal lining]]. | ||
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==== Erythropoietin: ==== | ==== Erythropoietin: ==== | ||
In | In the case of a patient who does not respond to [[oral]] iron, [[parenteral]] iron infusions [[erythropoietin]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid8049455">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spivak JL |title=Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer |journal=Blood |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=997–1004 |date=August 1994 |pmid=8049455 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]].<ref name="pmid11953880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D |title=The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1243–9 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11953880 |pmc=2375336 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247 |url=}}</ref> | *Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared [[erythropoiesis]]-stimulating agent such as [[erythropoietin]].<ref name="pmid11953880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D |title=The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1243–9 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11953880 |pmc=2375336 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Erythropoietin]] can be given once per week, while [[darbepoetin]] should be administered once every two or three weeks. | *[[Erythropoietin]] can be given once per week, while [[darbepoetin]] should be administered once every two or three weeks. | ||
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==== Blood Transfusion: ==== | ==== Blood Transfusion: ==== | ||
*In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. | *In case of severe [[disease]], [[blood transfusion]] is recommended. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 06:36, 2 December 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The primary goal in the treatment of anemia of chronic disease it to treat the disease itself. Supplemental iron is recommended, as needed, to keep the transferrin saturation of above 20 percent and a serum ferritin level of above100 ng/mL. Intravenous iron is more effective than oral supplementaion. Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared erythropoiesis-stimulating agent such as erythropoietin. It is important to give oral iron supplementation to all the patients receiving erythropoietin or darbepoetin, in order to maintain a transferrin saturation more than 20 percent and a serum ferritin more than 100 ng/mL. In case of severe disease, blood transfusion is recommended. If the case is underlying malignancy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may transiently exacerbate anemia due to mylesuppressive effects, however in the long term, it leads to improvement. If the cause is inflammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis the management of the disease with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) improves the anemia significantly.
Medical Therapy
The primary goal in the treatment of anemia of chronic disease is to treat the underlying disease itself.[1]
- If the cause is underlying malignancy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may transiently exacerbate anemia due to mylesuppressive effects, however in the long term, it leads to improvement.
- If the cause is inflammatory disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis the management of the disease with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) improves the anemia significantly.[2]
- If the root cause of anemia is not found, a detailed search for inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and malignancy should be carried.
Supplemental iron:
- Supplemental iron is recommended, as needed, to keep the transferrin saturation of above 20 percent and a serum ferritin level of above 100 ng/mL.[3]
Intravenous iron:
- Intravenous iron is more effective than oral supplementaion.
- Intestinal absorption of iron is greatly reduced due to hepcidin activity at intestinal lining.
- Hepcidin-induced entrapment of iron can be managed with parenteral iron infusions.
Erythropoietin:
In the case of a patient who does not respond to oral iron, parenteral iron infusions erythropoietin should be considered.[4]
- Stable patients can be administered synthetically prepared erythropoiesis-stimulating agent such as erythropoietin.[5]
- Erythropoietin can be given once per week, while darbepoetin should be administered once every two or three weeks.
- It is important to give oral iron supplementation to all the patients receiving erythropoietin or darbepoetin, in order to maintain a transferrin saturation more than 20 percent and a serum ferritin more than 100 ng/mL.
Blood Transfusion:
- In case of severe disease, blood transfusion is recommended.
References
- ↑ Zarychanski R, Houston DS (August 2008). "Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response?". CMAJ. 179 (4): 333–7. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071131. PMC 2492976. PMID 18695181.
- ↑ Cash JM, Sears DA (December 1989). "The anemia of chronic disease: spectrum of associated diseases in a series of unselected hospitalized patients". Am. J. Med. 87 (6): 638–44. PMID 2589399.
- ↑ Auerbach M, Ballard H, Trout JR, McIlwain M, Ackerman A, Bahrain H, Balan S, Barker L, Rana J (April 2004). "Intravenous iron optimizes the response to recombinant human erythropoietin in cancer patients with chemotherapy-related anemia: a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial". J. Clin. Oncol. 22 (7): 1301–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.08.119. PMID 15051778.
- ↑ Spivak JL (August 1994). "Recombinant human erythropoietin and the anemia of cancer". Blood. 84 (4): 997–1004. PMID 8049455.
- ↑ Lind M, Vernon C, Cruickshank D, Wilkinson P, Littlewood T, Stuart N, Jenkinson C, Grey-Amante P, Doll H, Wild D (April 2002). "The level of haemoglobin in anaemic cancer patients correlates positively with quality of life". Br. J. Cancer. 86 (8): 1243–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600247. PMC 2375336. PMID 11953880.