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| '''For patient information click [[Amnesia (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{Infobox_Disease |
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| Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
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| Image = |
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| Caption = |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|41|3|r|40}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|780.9}}, {{ICD9|780.93}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| MeshID = D000647 |
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| {{Amnesia}} | | {{Amnesia}} |
| {{CMG}} ; {{ADI}}
| | '''For patient information, click [[Amnesia (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Memory loss, forgetfulness, impaired memory, amnestic syndrome, blackout | |
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| ==[[Amnesia overview|Overview]]==
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| ==[[Amnesia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
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| ==[[Amnesia risk factors| Risk factors]]==
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| ==[[Amnesia causes|Causes]]==
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| ==[[Amnesia natural history|Natural History, Complications & Prognosis]]==
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| '''Diagnosis'''
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ZMalik}} |
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| ==[[Amnesia symptoms|Symptoms]] | [[Amnesia physical examination|Physical Exam]]==
| | {{SK}} Amnestic; amnestic disorder; amnestic syndrome; blackout; memory loss; forgetfulness; impaired memory |
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| '''Treatment'''
| | == [[Amnesia overview|Overview]] == |
| | ==[[Amnesia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==[[Amnesia medical therapy|Medical treatment]]== | | == [[Amnesia classification|Classification]] == |
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| | == [[Amnesia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] == |
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| | == [[Amnesia causes|Causes]] == |
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| ==Classification of Amnesia== | | == [[Amnesia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Amnesia from other Diseases]] == |
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| '''Temporal classification of amnesia:'''
| | == [[Amnesia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
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| * In '''[[anterograde amnesia]]''', new events contained in the immediate memory are not transferred to the permanent as long-term memory. The sufferer will not be able to remember anything that occurs after the onset of this type of amnesia for more than a brief period following the event.
| | == [[Amnesia risk factors|Risk Factors]] == |
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| * '''[[Retrograde amnesia]]''' is the inability to recall some memory or memories of the past, beyond ordinary forgetfulness.
| | == [[Amnesia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] == |
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| :The terms are used to categorize patterns of symptoms, rather than to indicate a particular cause or [[etiology]]. Both categories of amnesia can occur together in the same patient, and commonly result from drug effects or damage to the brain regions most closely associated with [[episodic memory|episodic]]/[[declarative memory]]: the medial [[temporal lobe]]s and especially the [[hippocampus]].
| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| :An example of mixed retrograde and anterograde amnesia may be a motorcyclist unable to recall driving his motorbike prior to his head injury (retrograde amnesia), nor can he recall the hospital ward where he is told he had conversations with family over the next two days (anterograde amnesia).
| | [[Amnesia diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Amnesia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Amnesia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Amnesia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Amnesia electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Amnesia CT|CT]] | [[Amnesia MRI|MRI]] | [[Amnesia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Amnesia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| '''Other types of amnesia'''
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| *'''[[Psychogenic amnesia|Dissociative Amnesia]]''' results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. [[Psychogenic amnesia|Dissociative Amnesia]] can include:
| | [[Amnesia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Amnesia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Amnesia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Amnesia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| :*'''[[Repressed memory]]''' refers to the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or rape. The memory is stored in long term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. This contrasts with e.g. anterograde amnesia caused by amnestics such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, where an experience was prevented from being transferred from temporary to permanent memory storage: it will never be recovered, because it was never stored in the first place. Formerly known as "Psychogenic Amnesia"
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Amnesia case study one|Case #1]] |
| | ==Related Chapters== |
| | * [[Emotion and memory|Emotion and Memory]] |
| | * [[False memory|False Memory]] |
| | * [[HM (patient)]] |
| | *[[Cognitive neuropsychology|Cognitive Neuropsychology]] |
| | *[[Korsakoff's syndrome|Korsakoff's Syndrome]] |
| | *[[Repressed memory|Repressed Memory]] |
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| :*'''[[Fugue state|Dissociative Fugue]]''' (''formerly'' Psychogenic Fugue) is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma and is usually temporary, unresolved and therefore may return. The [[Merck Manual]] defines it as "one or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home" [http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section15/chapter188/188c.jsp]. While popular in fiction, it is extremely rare.
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| :* '''Posthypnotic amnesia''' is where events during [[hypnosis]] are forgotten, or where past memories are unable to be recalled.
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| :* '''[[Lacunar amnesia]]''' is the loss of memory about one specific event.
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| :* '''[[Childhood amnesia]]''' (also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood. Whilst [[Sigmund Freud]] attributed this to sexual repression, others have theorised that this may be due to [[language development]] or immature parts of the brain.
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| * '''[[Post-traumatic amnesia]]''' is generally due to a [[traumatic brain injury|head injury]] (e.g. a fall, a knock on the head). Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent of either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. [[Mild traumatic brain injury|Mild trauma]], such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The sufferer may also lose knowledge of who people are, they may remember events, but will not remember faces of them.
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| * '''[[Transient global amnesia]]''' is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the [[hippocampus]] can sometimes be visualized using a special form of [[magnetic resonance imaging]] of the brain known as [[diffusion-weighted imaging]] (DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor nor any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear, hypotheses include transient reduced blood flow, possible seizure or an atypical type of migraine. Patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved.
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| *'''[[Source amnesia]]''' is a memory disorder in which someone can recall certain information, but they do not know where or how they obtained the information.
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| *'''[[Memory distrust syndrome]]''' is a term invented by the psychologist [[Gisli Gudjonsson]] to describe a situation where someone is unable to trust their own memory.
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| *'''[[Blackout (Alcohol Related Amnesia)|Blackout phenomenon]]''' can be caused by excessive short-term alcohol consumption, with the amnesia being of the anterograde type.
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| *'''[[Korsakoff's syndrome]]''' can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a Vitamin B1 deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of Amnesia. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known to be connected with [[confabulation]].
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| ==Prevention==
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| The most common preventable cause of memory loss is brain trauma, especially trauma resulting from [[head injury]]. Preventative measures such as wearing a seat belt while driving or a helmet while biking, can reduce the risk of head injury while participating in dangerous activities.<ref>[http://www.suddenmemoryloss.com/ Sudden Memory Loss Causes and Diagnosis] Retrieved on 2010-03-10</ref>
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| Eating [[nutrition|nutritious]] foods and reducing [[Stress (biology)|stress]] may help prevent memory loss. In addition, it may be helpful to avoid risk factors such as alcohol abuse and exposure to toxic chemicals. As [[hypertension|high blood pressure]] increases the risk for stroke, and therefore memory loss, blood pressure should be kept under control. Lifestyle adjustments such as smoking cessation and exercise can also further reduce the risk for stroke and brain trauma.
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| [[Sleep deprivation]] and stress are also thought to impact the proper functioning of the brain cells, so it is important to get enough rest and avoid stressful activities.
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| [[Socializing]] is also believed to be beneficial for individuals who may develop memory loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthynewage.com/memory.html| title=Information About Memory Loss - Causes, Symptoms and Supplementation|date=|accessdate= 2010-06-25}}</ref>
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| Patients whose memory loss is bothersome to the extent that it becomes an issue are encouraged to establish a routine and follow it. Making lists and associations, keeping a detailed [[calendar]] as well as always putting important objects in the same place might also help them in remembering more easily and faster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/seniors/common-older/124.html| title=Memory Loss With Aging: What's Normal, What's Not|date=|accessdate= 2010-06-25}}</ref> It has been brought{{By whom|date=February 2012}} to attention{{whose?}} that people who develop mild symptoms of memory loss are more likely to prevent the worsening of the condition if they train their mind by playing [[strategy games]], [[puzzle]], [[word games]] or number puzzles and reading. Basically, stimulating the brain can help patients slow down the processes that cause memory loss.
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| Memory loss among seniors is not inevitable, but is a normal occurrence for many as the brain slows down. This is not the same thing as dementia. Mental functions to do normal activities you have always done, life experience, common sense, and the ability to form reasonable judgments and arguments are not affected.<ref>[http://helpguide.org/life/prevent_memory_loss.htm/]</ref>
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| Exercise, especially [[aerobic exercise]], helps combat or restore memory loss. Studies indicate that exercise lessens stress, increases blood flow, and stabilizes and deepens sleep patterns. Even walking a few times a week helps fight memory loss.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/features/7-brain-boosters-to-prevent-memory-loss/]</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Emotion and memory]]
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| * [[False memory]]
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| * [[HM (patient)]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs}}
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| [[Category:Memory disorders]] | |
| [[Category:Neurology]] | | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| [[Category:Psychiatry]] | | [[Category:Psychiatry]] |
| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Mature chapter]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | | [[Category:Memory disorders]] |
| [[Category:Grammar]]
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| [[ar:نسيان]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
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