Adenocarcinoma of the lung overview: Difference between revisions

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Common physical examination findings of adenocarcinoma of the lung include [[tachypnea]], decreased [[breath sounds]], and [[lethargic]].<ref name=canadian>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/signs-and-symptoms/?region=ab Accessed on December 20, 2015</ref>
Common physical examination findings of adenocarcinoma of the lung include [[tachypnea]], decreased [[breath sounds]], and [[lethargic]].<ref name=canadian>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/signs-and-symptoms/?region=ab Accessed on December 20, 2015</ref>


===
===X Ray===
Chest x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Findings on x-ray suggestive of adenocarcinoma of the lung include [[mass]], widening of the [[mediastinum]], [[atelectasis]], consolidation, and [[pleural effusion]].<ref name=wiki>Lung cancer. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer</ref>
 
===CT===
Chest CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Finding on CT scan suggestive of adenocarcinoma of the lung is a lung nodule with a rounded or irregular region of increased attenuation.<ref name="radio"> Adenocarcinoma of the lung. Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/adenocarcinoma-of-the-lung </ref>
 
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
 
===Ultrasound===
Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[pleural effusion]] among patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.<ref name=canada>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy</ref>
 
===Other Imaging Findings===
Other diagnostic studies for adenocarcinoma of the lung include [[Bone scan|bone scintigraphy]], [[PET scan]], and pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan.<ref name=canada>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy</ref>
 
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
Other diagnostic studies for adenocarcinoma of the lung include molecular test and endoscopic procedures.<ref name=cancada>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy</ref>
 
===Biopsy===
[[Biopsy]] is helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung.<ref name=cancada>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy</ref>
 
 





Revision as of 18:57, 6 January 2016

Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shanshan Cen, M.D. [2]

Overview

Adenocarcinoma of the lung (pulmonary adenocarcinoma) is a common histological form of lung cancer that contains certain distinct malignant tissue architectural, cytological, or molecular features, including gland and/or duct formation and/or production of significant amounts of mucus.[1]

Classification

Adenocarcinoma of the lung may be classified according to WHO into 5 subtypes: mixed, acinar, papillary, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and solid adenocarcinoma.[2] Adenocarcinoma of the lung may be classified according to IASLC/ATS/ERS into 6 subtypes: pre-invasive lesions, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, invasive adenocarcinoma, and variants of invasive adenocarcinoma.

Pathophysiology

On gross pathology, peripheral multifocal lesions is the characteristic finding of adenocarcinoma of the lung.[3] On microscopic histopathological analysis, nuclear atypia, eccentrically placed nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, and conspicuous nucleoli are characteristic findings of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the lung include EGFR, HER2, KRAS, ALK, and BRAF.[4]

Cause

Adenocarcinoma of the lung may caused by genetic mutations, including EGFR (7p11), KRAS (12p12), BRAF (7q34), and PIK3CA (3q26).[5]

Differential Diagnosis

Adenocarcinoma of the lung must be differentiated from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung, adenocarcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, small cell carcinoma of the lung, malignant mesothelioma, and metastatic adenocarcinoma.[6]

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung is approximately 22.1 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[7] Adenocarcinoma of the lung affects men and women equally. Patients of all age groups may develop adenocarcinoma of the lung.[8]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of lung cancer are smoking, family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, radiation therapy to the chest, radon gas, asbestos, occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens, and previous lung disease.[9]

Screening

According to the clinical practice guideline by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), screening for lung cancer by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is recommended every year among smokers and former smokers who are between 55 to 80 years old and who have smoked 30 pack-years or more and either continue to smoke or have quit within the past 15 years (grade B recommendation).[10] According to the clinical practice guideline issued by the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) in 2013, screening for lung cancer by low-dose CT (LDCT) is recommended every year among smokers and former smokers who are age 55 to 74 and who have smoked for 30 pack-years or more and either continue to smoke or have quit within the past 15 years.[11]

Natural history, Complications, and Prognosis

Common complications of adenocarcinoma of the lung include breathing difficulties, pneumonia, pleural effusion, metastasis, and Horner's syndrome.[12] The prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung varies with the staging of tumor; Stage IA have the most favorable prognosis. The presence of metastasis is associated with a particularly poor prognosis.

Diagnosis

Staging

Adenocarcinoma of the lung may be classified into several subtypes based on TNM and UICC staging system.[13]

History and Symptoms

Common symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the lung include dyspnea, hemoptysis, chronic coughing, chest pain, cachexia, dysphonia, and paraneoplastic syndromes.[13]

Physical Examination

Common physical examination findings of adenocarcinoma of the lung include tachypnea, decreased breath sounds, and lethargic.[13]

X Ray

Chest x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Findings on x-ray suggestive of adenocarcinoma of the lung include mass, widening of the mediastinum, atelectasis, consolidation, and pleural effusion.[14]

CT

Chest CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Finding on CT scan suggestive of adenocarcinoma of the lung is a lung nodule with a rounded or irregular region of increased attenuation.[6]

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of pleural effusion among patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.[15]

Other Imaging Findings

Other diagnostic studies for adenocarcinoma of the lung include bone scintigraphy, PET scan, and pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan.[15]

Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for adenocarcinoma of the lung include molecular test and endoscopic procedures.[16]

Biopsy

Biopsy is helpful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung.[16]




References

  1. Travis, William D; Brambilla, Elisabeth; Müller-Hermelink, H Konrad; Harris, Curtis C, eds. (2004). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (PDF). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 92-832-2418-3. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  2. Hawkey CM (1974). "The relationship between blood coagulation and thrombosis and atherosclerosis in man, monkeys and carnivores". Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 31 (1): 103–18. PMID 4209392.
  3. Adenocarcinoma of the lung. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Adenocarcinoma_%283950819000%29.jpg
  4. Stewart, Bernard (2014). World cancer report 2014. Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland: International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization. ISBN 9283204298.
  5. Stewart, Bernard (2014). World cancer report 2014. Lyon, France Geneva, Switzerland: International Agency for Research on Cancer,Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization. ISBN 9283204298.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Adenocarcinoma of the lung. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_lung
  7. Adenocarcinoma of the lung. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_lung#Epidemiology
  8. Paris C, Clement-Duchene C, Vignaud JM, Gislard A, Stoufflet A, Bertrand O; et al. (2010). "Relationships between lung adenocarcinoma and gender, age, smoking and occupational risk factors: A case-case study". Lung Cancer. 68 (2): 146–53. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.06.007. PMID 19586681.
  9. Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
  10. Lung Cancer Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2015. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/lung-cancer-screening Accessed on December 20, 2015
  11. Detterbeck FC, Mazzone PJ, Naidich DP, Bach PB (2013). "Screening for Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 143 (5 Suppl): e78S–92S. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2350. PMID 23649455. Summary in JournalWatch
  12. Lung cancer complications. Mayo Clinic 2015. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/basics/complications/con-20025531 Accessed on December 20, 2015
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 Stages of non–small cell lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/staging/?region=ab
  14. Lung cancer. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer
  15. 15.0 15.1 Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy
  16. 16.0 16.1 Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015.http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/diagnosis/?region=ab#Endoscopy


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