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{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}, {{AE}} {{BShaller}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Major [[risk factors]] that predispose to ARDS include advanced [[elderly|advanced age]] and [[smoking|cigarette smoke exposure]]. One of the most substantial risk factors for the development of ARDS is chronic [[alcoholism]]. Acute illnesses or [[infections]], [[trauma|traumatic injuries]], [[Adverse drug reactions]], [[toxin|toxic exposures]], and other acute precipitants of ARDS are discussed in the [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes|subchapter on causes of ARDS]].
Common risk factors for the development of ARDS include [[advanced age]], [[chronic alcoholism]], and [[acidosis]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors for the development of ARDS are:
Common risk factors for ARDS include:<ref name="pmid8531287">{{cite journal| author=Moss M, Bucher B, Moore FA, Moore EE, Parsons PE| title=The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. | journal=JAMA | year= 1996 | volume= 275 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-4 | pmid=8531287 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8531287  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11008971">{{cite journal| author=Mangialardi RJ, Martin GS, Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Christman BW, Dupont WD et al.| title=Hypoproteinemia predicts acute respiratory distress syndrome development, weight gain, and death in patients with sepsis. Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2000 | volume= 28 | issue= 9 | pages= 3137-45 | pmid=11008971 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11008971 }} </ref><ref>Hudson, L. D., J. A. Milberg, D. Anardi, and R. J. Maunder. “Clinical Risks for Development of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 151, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1995): 293–301. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842182.</ref><ref>Ware, Lorraine B., and Michael A. Matthay. “The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” New England Journal of Medicine 342, no. 18 (May 4, 2000): 1334–49. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421806.</ref>
*[[Age|Advanced age]]
* [[Advanced age]]
*Chronic [[alcoholism]]
* [[Chronic alcoholism]] (including [[alcoholic liver disease]] and [[hepatic cirrhosis]])
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
* [[Acidemia]] with [[pH]] < 7.25
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
* [[Metabolic acidosis]] with [[bicarbonate]] < 20 mEq/L
*[[Smoking|Cigarette smoke exposure]]
* High [[anion gap]]
*[[Hypoalbuminemia|Hypoproteinemia]]<ref name="pmid11008971">{{cite journal| author=Mangialardi RJ, Martin GS, Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Christman BW, Dupont WD et al.| title=Hypoproteinemia predicts acute respiratory distress syndrome development, weight gain, and death in patients with sepsis. Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2000 | volume= 28 | issue= 9 | pages= 3137-45 | pmid=11008971 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11008971  }} </ref>
* [[Hypoproteinemia]]
 
* Increased severity of critical illness (as measured by APACHE II score or Injury Severity Score)
 
The association between chronic [[alcoholism]] and a higher risk of developing ARDS has been demonstrated in several research studies.<ref name="pmid8531287">{{cite journal| author=Moss M, Bucher B, Moore FA, Moore EE, Parsons PE| title=The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. | journal=JAMA | year= 1996 | volume= 275 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-4 | pmid=8531287 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8531287  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12682442">{{cite journal| author=Moss M, Burnham EL| title=Chronic alcohol abuse, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2003 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 Suppl | pages= S207-12 | pmid=12682442 | doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000057845.77458.25 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12682442 }} </ref> In one study, patients with a history of [[alcoholism|alcohol abuse]] were roughly twice as likely to develop ARDS and experienced a mortality rate that was 36% higher than age-, sex-, and disease-matched patients without a history of alcohol abuse.<ref name="pmid8531287">{{cite journal| author=Moss M, Bucher B, Moore FA, Moore EE, Parsons PE| title=The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. | journal=JAMA | year= 1996 | volume= 275 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-4 | pmid=8531287 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8531287  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 18:04, 17 July 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Brian Shaller, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors for the development of ARDS include advanced age, chronic alcoholism, and acidosis.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for ARDS include:[1][2][3][4]

References

  1. Moss M, Bucher B, Moore FA, Moore EE, Parsons PE (1996). "The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults". JAMA. 275 (1): 50–4. PMID 8531287.
  2. Mangialardi RJ, Martin GS, Bernard GR, Wheeler AP, Christman BW, Dupont WD; et al. (2000). "Hypoproteinemia predicts acute respiratory distress syndrome development, weight gain, and death in patients with sepsis. Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group". Crit Care Med. 28 (9): 3137–45. PMID 11008971.
  3. Hudson, L. D., J. A. Milberg, D. Anardi, and R. J. Maunder. “Clinical Risks for Development of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 151, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1995): 293–301. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842182.
  4. Ware, Lorraine B., and Michael A. Matthay. “The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.” New England Journal of Medicine 342, no. 18 (May 4, 2000): 1334–49. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421806.