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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Aim of therapy is to correct===
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| * Metabolic abnormalities
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| * Coagulation defects
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| * Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances
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| * Advanced chronic kidney disease
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| * Hypoglycemia
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| * Encephalopathy
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| ===Treatment strategies===
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| ====General measures====
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| * Treatment involves admission to hospital; often [[intensive care unit]] admission or very close observation are required.
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| * Supportive treatment with adequate nutrition and, optimization of the [[fluid balance]] should be done
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| * [[Mechanical ventilation]], [[intubation]] is indicated for stage 3 or 4 encephalopathy
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| * [[Sepsis]] and infections are common with [[fulminant liver failure]]. Though prophylactic antibiotic decreases the risk of infection, but is not routinely recommended as no survival benefits have been proved. Nevertheless, broad coverage with antibiotics is recommended for suspected cases of sepsis.
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| * Routine administration of steroids for [[adrenal insufficiency]] is not recommended.
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| * [[H2 receptor blocker]] and [[proton pump inhibitors]] are indicated to prevent and treat [[stress gastropathy]].
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| * Early transfer to a liver transplantation center should be decided based on patient's clinical status.
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| ====Management of increased intracranial pressure====
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| * [[Intracranial pressure]] monitoring in severe encephalopathy and impending cerebral edema should be done with extradural sensors
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| * The goal should be to maintain the intracranial pressure below 20 mm Hg and the cerebral perfusion pressure above 70 mm Hg.
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| * [[Lactulose]] is indicated in cases of encephalopathy.
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| * Mannitol, 0.5 g/kg, or 100–200 mL of a 20% solution by intravenous infusion over 10 minutes for reducing cerebral edema
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| * [[Mannitol]] should be avoided in patients with advanced chronic kidney diseases.
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| * Hypernatremia (145-155 mEq/L) through intravenous hypertonic saline infusion to induce hypernatremia may be used to reduce intracranial hypertension.
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| * Hypothermia (32–34 °C) may reduce intracranial pressure in refractory cases can be tried.
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| * Other measures like elevation of head end to 30 degrees, hyperventilation and intravenous prostaglandin E1can also be used.
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| * Short-acting barbiturate, propofol, or i/v indomethacin for refractory intracranial hypertension.
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| ===Treatment for specific underlying cause===
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| ====Acetaminophen or Paracetamol poisoning====
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| ** [[Acetylcysteine]] for [[paracetamol poisoning]] up to 72 hours after ingestion
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| ** It improves cerebral blood flow and increases transplant-free survival in patients with stage 1 or 2 [[encephalopathy]] due to hepatic failure of any cause.
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| ** Its treatment can increase [[prothrombin time]] giving a false alarm of worsening liver failure.
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| *** 140 mg/kg orally followed by 70 mg/kg orally every 4 hours for an additional 17 doses or
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| *** 150 mg/kg in 5% dextrose intravenously over 15 minutes followed by 50 mg/kg over 4 hours and then 100 mg/kg over 16 hours
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| ====Mushroom poisoning====
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| * Penicillin G - 300,000 to 1 million units/kg/day or
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| * Silibinin/silymarin/milk thistle (not licensed in the United States)
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| ====Chronic viral hepatitis====
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| * Nucleoside analogs - Fulminant hepatitis B
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| ====Herpes simplex hepatitis====
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| * Intravenous acyclovir
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| ====Wilson disease====
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| * [[Plasmapheresis]] + [[D-penicillamine]]
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| ==References== | | ==References== |