Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The average annual [[incidence]] of [[ADEM]] is between 0.07 and 0.6 per 1,00,000 individuals per year. It is more common during childhood, with a median age on onset between 5-8 years and a male predominance (1.8:1).


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


==Incidence==
===Epidemiology===
 
*Average annual [[incidence]] is between 0.07 and 0.6 per 1,00,000 individuals per year<ref name="pmid24495742">{{cite journal| author=Xiong CH, Yan Y, Liao Z, Peng SH, Wen HR, Zhang YX | display-authors=etal| title=Epidemiological characteristics of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Nanchang, China: a retrospective study. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 111 | pmid=24495742 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-111 | pmc=3922734 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24495742 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19942388">{{cite journal| author=Torisu H, Kira R, Ishizaki Y, Sanefuji M, Yamaguchi Y, Yasumoto S | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical study of childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and acute transverse myelitis in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 2010 | volume= 32 | issue= 6 | pages= 454-62 | pmid=19942388 | doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2009.10.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19942388 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17219129">{{cite journal| author=Pohl D, Hennemuth I, von Kries R, Hanefeld F| title=Paediatric multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Germany: results of a nationwide survey. | journal=Eur J Pediatr | year= 2007 | volume= 166 | issue= 5 | pages= 405-12 | pmid=17219129 | doi=10.1007/s00431-006-0249-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17219129 }} </ref>.
*The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|Incidence]] of [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis causes|Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]] is about 1 in 125,000-250,000 people each year, in children younger than 10 years, despite the fact that it is a rare disorder.
*Population-based studies revealed a slightly lower [[incidence]] in the US and UK compared to Asian countries. The [[incidence]] of [[pediatric]] [[ADEM]] varies between 0.47/100000 and 0.64/100000 in the Asian countries <ref name="pmid19942388" /><ref name="pmid17219129" /> compared to 0.07/100000 and 0.30/100000 in Europe and San Diego <ref name="pmid17219129" /><ref name="pmid15295226">{{cite journal| author=Leake JA, Albani S, Kao AS, Senac MO, Billman GF, Nespeca MP | display-authors=etal| title=Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2004 | volume= 23 | issue= 8 | pages= 756-64 | pmid=15295226 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000133048.75452.dd | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15295226 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26463471">{{cite journal| author=Gudbjornsson BT, Haraldsson Á, Einarsdóttir H, Thorarensen Ó| title=Nationwide Incidence of Acquired Central Nervous System Demyelination in Icelandic Children. | journal=Pediatr Neurol | year= 2015 | volume= 53 | issue= 6 | pages= 503-7 | pmid=26463471 | doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.08.020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26463471  }}</ref> .
*Each year, regional medical centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia see three to six instances.<ref name="pmid11099444">{{cite journal| author=Dale RC, de Sousa C, Chong WK, Cox TC, Harding B, Neville BG| title=Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children. | journal=Brain | year= 2000 | volume= 123 Pt 12 | issue=  | pages= 2407-22 | pmid=11099444 | doi=10.1093/brain/123.12.2407 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11099444 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11376179">{{cite journal| author=Hynson JL, Kornberg AJ, Coleman LT, Shield L, Harvey AS, Kean MJ| title=Clinical and neuroradiologic features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. | journal=Neurology | year= 2001 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 1308-12 | pmid=11376179 | doi=10.1212/wnl.56.10.1308 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11376179 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12165620">{{cite journal| author=Murthy SN, Faden HS, Cohen ME, Bakshi R| title=Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2002 | volume= 110 | issue= 2 Pt 1 | pages= e21 | pmid=12165620 | doi=10.1542/peds.110.2.e21 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12165620 }}</ref>
* The [[incidence]] seems to be increasing with the distance from the Equator<ref name="pmid25265138">{{cite journal| author=Pellegrino P, Radice S, Clementi E| title=Geoepidemiology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 928-9 | pmid=25265138 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0000000000000176 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25265138  }}</ref>.
 
===Prevalence===
 
*The [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Prevalence prevalence] of Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis rises as one moves further away from the Equator.
 
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
 
*The [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mortality_rate mortality rate] of retinoblastoma differs according to the stage of the [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Disease disease] as well as the geographic region.<ref name="DimarasKimani2012">{{cite journal|last1=Dimaras|first1=Helen|last2=Kimani|first2=Kahaki|last3=Dimba|first3=Elizabeth AO|last4=Gronsdahl|first4=Peggy|last5=White|first5=Abby|last6=Chan|first6=Helen SL|last7=Gallie|first7=Brenda L|title=Retinoblastoma|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9824|year=2012|pages=1436–1446|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9}}</ref>
*In extraocular form of this [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Disorder disorder] is reported to be greater than 50%.<ref name="KimKathpalia2008">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=J W|last2=Kathpalia|first2=V|last3=Dunkel|first3=I J|last4=Wong|first4=R K|last5=Riedel|first5=E|last6=Abramson|first6=D H|title=Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation|journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=93|issue=4|year=2008|pages=463–467|issn=0007-1161|doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138453}}</ref>
*However, [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tumors tumors] involving the [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Optic_disc optic disc] superficially, are associated with 10% [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mortality_rate mortality rate].<ref name="Chévez-BarriosEagle2015">{{cite journal|last1=Chévez-Barrios|first1=Patricia|last2=Eagle|first2=Ralph C.|last3=Marback|first3=Eduardo F.|title=Histopathologic Features and Prognostic Factors|year=2015|pages=167–183|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_16}}</ref>
*Majority are categorized as post-infectious CNS illness (viral or bacterial) being recorded in up to 50–75 percent of patients and the minority being after vaccination.<ref name="pmid27742816">{{cite journal| author=Yamaguchi Y, Torisu H, Kira R, Ishizaki Y, Sakai Y, Sanefuji M | display-authors=etal| title=A nationwide survey of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes in Japan. | journal=Neurology | year= 2016 | volume= 87 | issue= 19 | pages= 2006-2015 | pmid=27742816 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000003318 | pmc=5109945 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27742816 }}</ref>
 
===Age===
 
*In youngsters, the usual [[age]] of onset is 3 to 7 years.
*Cases have also been reported in children between the ages of 10 and twenty.
*Adults between the ages of 18 and 82 are also affected.<ref name="pmid28613684">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28613684 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
 
===Gender===
 
*Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis affects [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Male males] more likely than [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Female females] (male to female ratio of 1.3:1), and it happens more frequently in the winter and spring.
 
===Race===
 
*There is no [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Racial racial] predilection to the development of Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and affects people all over the world.<ref name="pmid25265138">{{cite journal| author=Pellegrino P, Radice S, Clementi E| title=Geoepidemiology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 928-9 | pmid=25265138 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0000000000000176 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25265138  }}</ref>
 
===Region===


*It affects people all over the world, comparable to the geographic distribution of Multiple sclerosis.
===Demographics===
* [[ADEM]] is more common during childhood with a [[median]] age of onset between 5-8 years and a male predominance (1.8:1)<ref name="pmid12391351">{{cite journal| author=Tenembaum S, Chamoles N, Fejerman N| title=Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. | journal=Neurology | year= 2002 | volume= 59 | issue= 8 | pages= 1224-31 | pmid=12391351 | doi=10.1212/wnl.59.8.1224 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12391351  }}</ref>.
* The adult age of [[presentation]] ranges from 33 to 41 years without any gender preference.
* No specific ethnic distribution has been described.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 10:08, 8 December 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujaya Chattopadhyay, M.D.[2]

Overview

The average annual incidence of ADEM is between 0.07 and 0.6 per 1,00,000 individuals per year. It is more common during childhood, with a median age on onset between 5-8 years and a male predominance (1.8:1).

Epidemiology and Demographics

Epidemiology

  • Average annual incidence is between 0.07 and 0.6 per 1,00,000 individuals per year[1] [2][3].
  • Population-based studies revealed a slightly lower incidence in the US and UK compared to Asian countries. The incidence of pediatric ADEM varies between 0.47/100000 and 0.64/100000 in the Asian countries [2][3] compared to 0.07/100000 and 0.30/100000 in Europe and San Diego [3][4][5] .
  • The incidence seems to be increasing with the distance from the Equator[6].

Demographics

  • ADEM is more common during childhood with a median age of onset between 5-8 years and a male predominance (1.8:1)[7].
  • The adult age of presentation ranges from 33 to 41 years without any gender preference.
  • No specific ethnic distribution has been described.

References

  1. ↑ Xiong CH, Yan Y, Liao Z, Peng SH, Wen HR, Zhang YX; et al. (2014). "Epidemiological characteristics of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Nanchang, China: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 14: 111. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-111. PMC 3922734. PMID 24495742.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Torisu H, Kira R, Ishizaki Y, Sanefuji M, Yamaguchi Y, Yasumoto S; et al. (2010). "Clinical study of childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and acute transverse myelitis in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan". Brain Dev. 32 (6): 454–62. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.10.006. PMID 19942388.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pohl D, Hennemuth I, von Kries R, Hanefeld F (2007). "Paediatric multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Germany: results of a nationwide survey". Eur J Pediatr. 166 (5): 405–12. doi:10.1007/s00431-006-0249-2. PMID 17219129.
  4. ↑ Leake JA, Albani S, Kao AS, Senac MO, Billman GF, Nespeca MP; et al. (2004). "Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 23 (8): 756–64. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000133048.75452.dd. PMID 15295226.
  5. ↑ Gudbjornsson BT, Haraldsson Á, Einarsdóttir H, Thorarensen Ó (2015). "Nationwide Incidence of Acquired Central Nervous System Demyelination in Icelandic Children". Pediatr Neurol. 53 (6): 503–7. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.08.020. PMID 26463471.
  6. ↑ Pellegrino P, Radice S, Clementi E (2014). "Geoepidemiology of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis". Epidemiology. 25 (6): 928–9. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000176. PMID 25265138.
  7. ↑ Tenembaum S, Chamoles N, Fejerman N (2002). "Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients". Neurology. 59 (8): 1224–31. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.8.1224. PMID 12391351.
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