STEMI resident survival guide

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]

Definition

ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a syndrome defined by symptoms of myocardial ischemia (sudden chest pain and pressure, shortness of breath) associated with persistent ECG ST elevation and subsequent release of cardiac enzymes.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. STEMI is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.

Common Causes

Management

Diagnostic Approach

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnostic approach to STEMI based on the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction[1]


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Order labs and tests:
 
 
 
 
 
Characterize the symptoms:

Chest pain

❑ Sudden onset
❑ Descried as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing
❑ Radiation to the jaw or left arm
❑ No relief with medications or rest
❑ Worse with time
❑ Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)

Diaphoresis
Light-headedness
Nausea and/or vomiting

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{ }}}
 
 
 
 
 
Obtain a detailed history:

❑ Age
❑ Previous MI
❑ Previous PCI or CABG
❑ Cardiac risk factors:

Hypertension
Diabetes
Hypercholesterolemia
Smoking
Obesity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{ }}}
 
 
 
 
 
Examine the patient:

❑ Measure the blood pressure
❑ Measure the heart rate
❑ Auscultate the heart searching for murmurs
❑ Search for signs of CHF

❑ Decreased air entry in the lungs
❑ Edema in the extremities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{ }}}
 
 
 
 
 
Rule out life threatening alternative diagnoses:

Aortic dissection
Pulmonary embolism
Cardiac tamponade
Tension pneumothorax

Esophageal rupture
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
'''Cardiac Enzymes'''
❑ Troponin I
❑ CK-MB
 
Other labs:

Creatinine
Glucose

Hemoglobin
 
 

Therapeutic Apporach

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the therapeutic approach to STEMI based on the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. O'Gara, Patrick T.; Kushner, Frederick G.; Ascheim, Deborah D.; Casey, Donald E.; Chung, Mina K.; de Lemos, James A.; Ettinger, Steven M.; Fang, James C.; Fesmire, Francis M.; Franklin, Barry A.; Granger, Christopher B.; Krumholz, Harlan M.; Linderbaum, Jane A.; Morrow, David A.; Newby, L. Kristin; Ornato, Joseph P.; Ou, Narith; Radford, Martha J.; Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline E.; Tommaso, Carl L.; Tracy, Cynthia M.; Woo, Y. Joseph; Zhao, David X. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 61 (4): e78–e140. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019. ISSN 0735-1097.


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