PAEP

Progestagen-associated endometrial protein (placental protein 14, pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin, alpha uterine protein)
Identifiers
Symbols	PAEP ; GD; GdA; GdF; GdS; MGC138509; MGC142288; PAEG; PEP; PP14
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 HomoloGene: 83207
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
File:PBB GE PAEP 206859 s at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Progestagen-associated endometrial protein (placental protein 14, pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin, alpha uterine protein), also known as PAEP, is a human gene.

This gene is a member of the kernel lipocalin superfamily whose members share relatively low sequence similarity but have highly conserved exon/intron structure and three-dimensional protein folding. Most lipocalins are clustered on the long arm of chromosome 9. The encoded glycoprotein has been previously referred to as pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha-2-globulin, placental protein 14, and glycodelin, but has been officially named progestagen-associated endometrial protein. Three distinct forms, with identical protein backbones but different glycosylation profiles, are found in amniotic fluid, follicular fluid and seminal plasma of the reproductive system. These glycoproteins have distinct and essential roles in regulating a uterine environment suitable for pregnancy and in the timing and occurrence of the appropriate sequence of events in the fertilization process. A number of alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed at this locus, but the full-length nature of only two, each encoding the same protein, has been determined.

Further reading

• Rutanen EM, Koistinen R, Seppälä M; et al. (1988). "Progesterone-associated proteins PP12 and PP14 in the human endometrium". J. Steroid Biochem. 27 (1–3): 25–31. PMID 3320533.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Seppälä M, Bohn H, Tatarinov Y (1998). "Glycodelins". Tumour Biol. 19 (3): 213–20. PMID 9591048.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Salier JP (2000). "Chromosomal location, exon/intron organization and evolution of lipocalin genes". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1482 (1–2): 25–34. PMID 11058744.
• Halttunen M, Kämäräinen M, Koistinen H (2000). "Glycodelin: a reproduction-related lipocalin". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1482 (1–2): 149–56. PMID 11058757.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Seppälä M, Taylor RN, Koistinen H; et al. (2003). "Glycodelin: a major lipocalin protein of the reproductive axis with diverse actions in cell recognition and differentiation". Endocr. Rev. 23 (4): 401–30. PMID 12202458.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Seppälä M, Koistinen H, Koistinen R; et al. (2007). "Glycosylation related actions of glycodelin: gamete, cumulus cell, immune cell and clinical associations". Hum. Reprod. Update. 13 (3): 275–87. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmm004. PMID 17329396.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Garde J, Bell SC, Eperon IC (1991). "Multiple forms of mRNA encoding human pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin, a beta-lactoglobulin homologue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (6): 2456–60. PMID 2006183.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Van Cong N, Vaisse C, Gross MS; et al. (1991). "The human placental protein 14 (PP14) gene is localized on chromosome 9q34". Hum. Genet. 86 (5): 515–8. PMID 2016092.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wood PL, Iffland CA, Allen E; et al. (1990). "Serum levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG), a glycosylated beta-lactoglobulin homologue, in successful and unsuccessful assisted conception". Hum. Reprod. 5 (4): 421–6. PMID 2113930.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Vaisse C, Atger M, Potier B, Milgrom E (1990). "Human placental protein 14 gene: sequence and characterization of a short duplication". DNA Cell Biol. 9 (6): 401–13. PMID 2206398.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Check JH, Nowroozi K, Chase JS; et al. (1990). "Serum progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PEP) levels in conception versus nonconception cycles following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer". Journal of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer : IVF. 7 (3): 134–6. PMID 2380618.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wood PL, Waites GT, MacVicar J; et al. (1989). "Immunohistological localization of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG) in endometrial adenocarcinoma and effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate". British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 95 (12): 1292–8. PMID 2975952.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Joshi SG (1988). "Progestin-dependent human endometrial protein: a marker for monitoring human endometrial function". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 230: 167–86. PMID 3135704.
• Julkunen M, Seppälä M, Jänne OA (1988). "Complete amino acid sequence of human placental protein 14: a progesterone-regulated uterine protein homologous to beta-lactoglobulins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (23): 8845–9. PMID 3194393.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Huhtala ML, Seppälä M, Närvänen A; et al. (1987). "Amino acid sequence homology between human placental protein 14 and beta-lactoglobulins from various species". Endocrinology. 120 (6): 2620–2. PMID 3569148.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bell SC, Keyte JW, Waites GT (1987). "Pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin, the major secretory protein of the luteal phase and first trimester pregnancy endometrium, is not glycosylated prolactin but related to beta-lactoglobulins". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65 (5): 1067–71. PMID 3667877.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bell SC, Hales MW, Patel SR; et al. (1986). "Amniotic fluid concentrations of secreted pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG)". British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 93 (9): 909–15. PMID 3768286.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Joshi SG, Smith RA, Stokes DK (1981). "A progestagen-dependent endometrial protein in human amniotic fluid". J. Reprod. Fertil. 60 (2): 317–21. PMID 6776278.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Horne CH, Paterson WF, Sutcliffe RG (1982). "Localization of alpha-uterine protein in human endometrium". J. Reprod. Fertil. 65 (2): 447–50. PMID 7047733.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)