Differentiating COVID-associated myocarditis from other Diseases

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mounika Reddy Vadiyala, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

COVID-19-associated myocarditis must be differentiated from other causes of dyspnea and chest pain, including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism.

Differential Diagnosis

COVID-19-associated myocarditis must be differentiated from pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism.

Diseases	Symptoms			Physical Examination			Diagnostic tests				Other Findings
	Dyspnea on Exertion	Chest Pain	Hemoptysis	Fever	Tachypnea	Tachycardia	Chest X-ray	ECG	Echocardiography	CT scan and CMR
COVID-19-associated heart failure	✔	-	✔	-	✔	✔	Cardiomegaly Pulmonary edema (interstitial, alveolar)	Left ventricular hypertrophy Low-voltage QRS Non-specific ST-T change	Systoloic dysfunction (in HFrEF) Diastoic dysfunction (in HFpEF) COVID-19-associated stress cardiomyopathy (apical ballooning)	CT: Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema CMR: Signs of underlying myocarditis may be seen.	Increased NT-proBNP and cardiac troponins levels
COVID-19-associated pneumonia	✔	✔ (Pleuritic)	✔	✔ (Usually high)	✔	✔	Lobar Consalidation	Prolonged PR interval Transient T wave inversions	-	CT: Lobar Consalidation	Increased inflammatory markers, including ESR, hs-CRP
COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome	✔	-	✔	✔	✔	✔	Bilateral ground-glass opacities	-	Signs of RV dysfunction/RV dilatation may be seen.	CT: Bilateral ground-glass opacities	-
COVID-19-associated myocarditis	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	✔	Pericardial effusion may be detectable	Non-specific:may show nonspecific ST-T abnormalities, sinus tachycardia and conduction abnormalities (such as bundle-branch blocks or atrioventricular conduction delays)	Non-specific: In fulminant myocarditis, cardiac chamber sizes are usually normal with an increased septal thickness (secondary to acute myocardial edema), whereas in acute myocarditis marked left ventricular dilation and normal wall thickness might be seen. Pericardial effusion may be be seen.	CMR: T2-weighted edema imaging shows the presence of “acute myocardial inflammation”. "Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging” can demonstrate myocardial damage.	Increased cardiac troponins level
COVID-19-associated pulmonary embolism	✔ (Usually sudden-onset)	✔ (Pleauritic)	✔ (If massive PE)	✔ (Low-grade)	✔	✔	May show Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery), Hampton hump, Westermark's sign	Non-specific:may show S1Q3T3 pattern	May show signs of RV strain, Rv dilatation, Rv dysfunction (if large PE)	On CT angiography: Intra-luminal filling defect On MRI: Narrowing of involved vessel No contrast seen distal to obstruction Polo-mint sign (partial filling defect surrounded by contrast)	Increased D-dimer, fibrinogen, and fibrin degradation products levels May have symptoms and/or signs of accompanying DVT

References