Sandbox:Trusha

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]

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	Symptoms						Lab Findings			Imaging			Histopathology
Diseases	Clinical manifestations						Para-clinical findings							Gold standard	Comments
	Symptoms						Para-clinical findings
	Constipation/Diarrhea	Blood in stool	Abdominal pain	Other symptoms			Anemia	Tumor marker		Endoscopy	CT scan	Other diagnostic study	Histopathology
Adenocarcinoma
Arteriovenous malformation^[1]	N/A	+	N/A	N/A			+	-		Bright red, flat lesions Rarely, polypoid	N/A	N/A	Aberrant vessels with thickened, hypertrophic walls in the mucosa and the submucosa. Arteries directly connected to veins without capillary beds	Colonoscopy
Diverticulitis^[2]	Constipation and/or Diarrhea^[3]	+/-	LLQ	Fever, chills^[3] Nausea/vomiting(N/V)			-	-		Not recommended ^[3]	Outpouchings of the colonic wall (Diverticula)^[3] Inflamed diverticula Abscess formation Intraperitoneal free air (microperforation)	Barium enema: Circumferential narrowing^[4] Spiculated contour and tapered margins	N/A	CT scan
Hemorrhoids^[5]	Constipation	+	-	Perianal Itching Pain with defecation Painfull, hard lump in anus			+	-		Anoscopy: Protruding mass from the anus	N/A	DRE: Palpable mass, tender if thrombosed		History and physical exam
Anal fissure^[6]		+	-	Pain with defecation Itching Irritation			+/-	-		Anoscopy: Anal wall laceration	N/A	-		History and physical exam
Infectious colitis^[7]	Diarrhea	+	Diffuse	Fever, chills N/V Bloating			-	-		Patchy or diffuse erythematous mucosa Edema, hemorrhage, with or without ulcers of mucosa	N/A	Stool cultures in adequate culture media Stool analysis: Leukocytosis		Stool culture and sensitivity
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome^[8]
Diseases	Clinical manifestations						Para-clinical findings							Gold standard	Comments
	Symptoms						Para-clinical findings
	Symptoms						Lab Findings			Imaging			Histopathology
	Constipation/Diarrhea	Blood in stool	Abdominal pain	Other symptoms			Anemia	Tumor marker		Colonoscopy	CT scan	Other diagnostic study	Histopathology
Carcinoids^[9]
Juvenile Polyposis Coli
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)^[10]
Hamartoma
Colorectal Lymphoma^[11]
Kaposi's sarcoma
Ulcerative colitis^[12]	Diarrhea	+	LLQ^[12]				+			Continuous lesions^[12] Erythema (or redness of the mucosa) and friability of the mucosa Crypts, formation of residual mucosal tissue Pseudopolyps	N/A		Mucosal and submucosal inflammation^[12] Hemorrhage or inflammatory polymorphonuclear cells aggregate in the lamina propria Distorted crypts Crypt abscess	Endoscopy and a mucosal biopsy^[13]
Crohn's disease^[12]	Diarrhea	+	LRQ^[12]	Tenesmus			+			Discontinuous lesions Strictures Linear ulcerations^[12]	N/A		Transmural pattern of inflammation^[12] Mucosal damage Focal infiltration of leukocytes into the epithelium Granulomas	Endoscopy and a mucosal biopsy^[13]
Irritable bowel syndrome	Constipation and diarrhea	+	-	Straining during defecation Urgency Sensation of incomplete evacuation Mucus passage Bloating Weight loss			-	-		N/A	N/A	Diagnosis of exclusion with fulfilment of Rome criteria^[14]	-	Clinical diagnosis (Rome criteria)^[14]
Appendicitis	Diarrhea	-	RLQ	Pain starting periumbilical before localizing to the right iliac fossa N/V Fever, chills Loss of appetite			-	-		N/A	Appendiceal wall thickening (wall ≥ 3mm)^[15] Periappendiceal fat stranding Thickening of the lateral conal fascia, and mesoappendix Extraluminal fluid Phlegmon Abscess Ileocecal mild lymph node enlargement Inflammatory thickening of contiguous structures	Tc-99m labeled anti-CD15 antibodies Ultrasound: Aperistaltic, noncompressible, dilated appendix (>6 mm outer diameter) Appendicolith Echogenic prominent pericaecal fat Periappeniceal fluid collection		CT scan

Diseases	Symptom 1	Symptom 2	Symptom 3	Physical exam 1	Physical exam 2	Physical exam 3	Lab 1	Lab 2	Lab 3	Imaging 1	Imaging 2	Imaging 3	Histopathology	Gold standard	Additional findings
Strangulated hernia	Constipation	-	RLQ	N/V Heaviness or dull discomfort in the groin, with straining, lifting, coughing, or exercising Weakness, heaviness, burning, or aching in the groin Pain and swelling Fever			-	-		N/A	Defect in the abdominal wall muscles Appearance of bowel loops within the lesion Lateral crescent sign The hernia neck will be superolateral to the course of the inferior epigastric vessels.		N/A
Prostate Cancer
Bowel endometriosis

References

↑ Lee HH, Kwon HM, Gil S, Kim YS, Cho M, Seo KJ, Chae HS, Cho YS (2017). "Endoscopic resection of asymptomatic, colonic, polypoid arteriovenous malformations: Two case reports and a literature review". Saudi J Gastroenterol. 23 (1): 67–70. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.199111. PMC 5329980. PMID 28139503.
↑ Shen SH, Chen JD, Tiu CM, Chou YH, Chiang JH, Chang CY, Lee CH (September 2005). "Differentiating colonic diverticulitis from colon cancer: the value of computed tomography in the emergency setting". J Chin Med Assoc. 68 (9): 411–8. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70156-X. PMID 16187597.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Shen, Shu-Huei; Chen, Jen-Dar; Tiu, Chui-Mei; Chou, Yi-Hong; Chiang, Jen-Huei; Chang, Cheng-Yen; Lee, Chen-Hsen (2005). "Differentiating Colonic Diverticulitis from Colon Cancer: The Value of Computed Tomography in the Emergency Setting". Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 68 (9): 411–418. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70156-X. ISSN 1726-4901.
↑ Sheiman, Laura; Levine, Marc S.; Levin, Alicia A.; Hogan, Jonathan; Rubesin, Stephen E.; Furth, Emma E.; Laufer, Igor (2008). "Chronic Diverticulitis: Clinical, Radiographic, and Pathologic Findings". American Journal of Roentgenology. 191 (2): 522–528. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3597. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Jacobs, Danny; Solomon, Caren G. (2014). "Hemorrhoids". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 944–951. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1204188. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Schlichtemeier S, Engel A (2016). "Anal fissure". Aust Prescr. 39 (1): 14–7. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2016.007. PMC 4816871. PMID 27041801.
↑ DuPont HL (January 2012). "Approach to the patient with infectious colitis". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 28 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834d3208. PMID 22080825.
↑ Zhong ME, Niu BZ, Ji WY, Wu B (June 2016). "Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with synchronous rectal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (22): 5293–6. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5293. PMID 27298573.
↑ Chung TP, Hunt SR (May 2006). "Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 19 (2): 45–8. doi:10.1055/s-2006-942343. PMC 2780103. PMID 20011309.
↑ Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW (May 2014). "Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature". Anticancer Res. 34 (5): 2547–50. PMID 24778074.
↑ Quayle FJ, Lowney JK (May 2006). "Colorectal lymphoma". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 19 (2): 49–53. doi:10.1055/s-2006-942344. PMC 2780105. PMID 20011310.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Fakhoury M, Negrulj R, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H (2014). "Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments". J Inflamm Res. 7: 113–20. doi:10.2147/JIR.S65979. PMC 4106026. PMID 25075198.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Collins P, Rhodes J (August 2006). "Ulcerative colitis: diagnosis and management". BMJ. 333 (7563): 340–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.340. PMC 1539087. PMID 16902215.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Iwańczak B, Iwańczak F (August 2017). "[Functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. The Rome IV criteria]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 43 (254): 75–82. PMID 28875974.
↑ Choi D, Park H, Lee YR, Kook SH, Kim SK, Kwag HJ, Chung EC (2003). "The most useful findings for diagnosing acute appendicitis on contrast-enhanced helical CT". Acta Radiol. 44 (6): 574–82. PMID 14616200.

[pmid28139503-1] Lee HH, Kwon HM, Gil S, Kim YS, Cho M, Seo KJ, Chae HS, Cho YS (2017). "Endoscopic resection of asymptomatic, colonic, polypoid arteriovenous malformations: Two case reports and a literature review". Saudi J Gastroenterol. 23 (1): 67–70. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.199111. PMC 5329980. PMID 28139503.

[pmid16187597-2] Shen SH, Chen JD, Tiu CM, Chou YH, Chiang JH, Chang CY, Lee CH (September 2005). "Differentiating colonic diverticulitis from colon cancer: the value of computed tomography in the emergency setting". J Chin Med Assoc. 68 (9): 411–8. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70156-X. PMID 16187597.

[ShenChen2005-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Shen, Shu-Huei; Chen, Jen-Dar; Tiu, Chui-Mei; Chou, Yi-Hong; Chiang, Jen-Huei; Chang, Cheng-Yen; Lee, Chen-Hsen (2005). "Differentiating Colonic Diverticulitis from Colon Cancer: The Value of Computed Tomography in the Emergency Setting". Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 68 (9): 411–418. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70156-X. ISSN 1726-4901.

[SheimanLevine20082-4] Sheiman, Laura; Levine, Marc S.; Levin, Alicia A.; Hogan, Jonathan; Rubesin, Stephen E.; Furth, Emma E.; Laufer, Igor (2008). "Chronic Diverticulitis: Clinical, Radiographic, and Pathologic Findings". American Journal of Roentgenology. 191 (2): 522–528. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3597. ISSN 0361-803X.

[JacobsSolomon2014-5] Jacobs, Danny; Solomon, Caren G. (2014). "Hemorrhoids". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 944–951. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1204188. ISSN 0028-4793.

[pmid27041801-6] Schlichtemeier S, Engel A (2016). "Anal fissure". Aust Prescr. 39 (1): 14–7. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2016.007. PMC 4816871. PMID 27041801.

[pmid22080825-7] DuPont HL (January 2012). "Approach to the patient with infectious colitis". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 28 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834d3208. PMID 22080825.

[pmid27298573-8] Zhong ME, Niu BZ, Ji WY, Wu B (June 2016). "Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with synchronous rectal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 22 (22): 5293–6. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5293. PMID 27298573.

[pmid20011309-9] Chung TP, Hunt SR (May 2006). "Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 19 (2): 45–8. doi:10.1055/s-2006-942343. PMC 2780103. PMID 20011309.

[pmid24778074-10] Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW (May 2014). "Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature". Anticancer Res. 34 (5): 2547–50. PMID 24778074.

[pmid20011310-11] Quayle FJ, Lowney JK (May 2006). "Colorectal lymphoma". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 19 (2): 49–53. doi:10.1055/s-2006-942344. PMC 2780105. PMID 20011310.

[pmid25075198-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Fakhoury M, Negrulj R, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H (2014). "Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments". J Inflamm Res. 7: 113–20. doi:10.2147/JIR.S65979. PMC 4106026. PMID 25075198.

[pmid16902215-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Collins P, Rhodes J (August 2006). "Ulcerative colitis: diagnosis and management". BMJ. 333 (7563): 340–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.340. PMC 1539087. PMID 16902215.

[pmid28875974-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Iwańczak B, Iwańczak F (August 2017). "[Functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. The Rome IV criteria]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 43 (254): 75–82. PMID 28875974.

[pmid14616200-15] Choi D, Park H, Lee YR, Kook SH, Kim SK, Kwag HJ, Chung EC (2003). "The most useful findings for diagnosing acute appendicitis on contrast-enhanced helical CT". Acta Radiol. 44 (6): 574–82. PMID 14616200.

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