Scleroderma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of scleroderma include occupational and environmental exposure to certain chemicals, certain genetic variations and infectious agents. Most commonly implicated occupational and environmental risk factors are exposure is to silica, chlorinated and aromatic solvents.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of scleroderma include occupational exposure to certain chemicals, certain genetic variations and infectious agents.
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of scleroderma may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and infectious:
- Occupational and environmental exposure to:[1]
- Crystaline silica
- Trichlorethylene
- Chlorinated solvents
- Toluene
- Aromatic solvents
- Ketones
- White spirit
- Epoxy resins
- Welding fumes
- Genetic variations in:[2]
- Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes
- IRF5 gene
- STAT4 gene
- Infectious agents:[3][4]
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Toxoplasma gondii infection (toxoplasmosis)
- Occupational and environmental exposure to:[1]
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of scleroderma include:
References
- ↑ Diot E, Lesire V, Guilmot JL, Metzger MD, Pilore R, Rogier S, Stadler M, Diot P, Lemarie E, Lasfargues G (August 2002). "Systemic sclerosis and occupational risk factors: a case-control study". Occup Environ Med. 59 (8): 545–9. PMC 1740346. PMID 12151611.
- ↑ "Systemic scleroderma - Genetics Home Reference".
- ↑ Radić M, Martinović Kaliterna D, Radić J (November 2010). "Infectious disease as aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis". Neth J Med. 68 (11): 348–53. PMID 21158008.
- ↑ Arnson Y, Amital H, Guiducci S, Matucci-Cerinic M, Valentini G, Barzilai O, Maya R, Shoenfeld Y (September 2009). "The role of infections in the immunopathogensis of systemic sclerosis--evidence from serological studies". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1173: 627–32. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04808.x. PMID 19758208.
- ↑ Dospinescu P, Jones GT, Basu N (March 2013). "Environmental risk factors in systemic sclerosis". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 25 (2): 179–83. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835cfc2d. PMID 23287382.
- ↑ De Martinis M, Ciccarelli F, Sirufo MM, Ginaldi L (2016). "An overview of environmental risk factors in systemic sclerosis". Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 12 (4): 465–78. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2016.1125782. PMID 26610037.