Sandbox: Reddy
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Fetal varicella syndrome, Congenital varicella-zoster syndrome, Varicella embryo-fetopathy, Varicella embryopathy, Varicella fetopathy, Fetal varicella-zoster syndrome
Overview
Historical Perspective
- In 1935, the first case resembling neonatal HSV, was described with the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in a premature infant in the liver and the adrenals.[1]
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
The risk for transmission to the neonate from an infected mother is high (30%–50%) among women who acquire genital herpes near the time of delivery and low (<1%) among women with prenatal histories of recurrent herpes or who acquire genital HSV during the first half of pregnancy
Transmission of infection
- Exposure to the fetus from active genital herpes lesions during delivery, accounts for majority of neonatal herpes cases.
- Intrauterine infection accounts for 5% of cases with neonatal herpes simplex.
- Postnatal trasmission by contact with HSV shed from infected patients. It accounts for 10% of the cases.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The annual incidence of neonatal herpes is estimated to be 10 cases per 100,000 livebirths.
Causes
- 85% of cases are caused by HSV type I
- 1%% of cases are caused by HSV type II