Zika virus infection natural history, complications, and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

Patients exposed to Zika virus will develop symptoms 3 and 12 days after contracting the disease. Symptoms will typically begin with a mild headache and progress to include a maculopapular rash spread across the body within 24 hours, followed by fever, malaise, and back pain. The symptoms typically last 4-7 days. The prognosis is excellent, with the majority of patients recovering fully. Complications include congenital and neurological sequelae, particularly Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly.

Natural History

  • The symptoms of Zika virus infection usually develop between 3 and 12 days after an individual contracts the disease.[1]
  • Zika virus infection symptoms will usually begin with a mild headache. Within 24 hours, symptoms progress to include a maculopapular rash across the face, neck, trunk, upper arms, palms, and soles; fever, malaise, and back pain follow shortly.[2]
  • Zika virus infection is self-limited and requires no treatment.
  • Symptoms usually last 4-7 days.[1]
    • The rash begin to fade after the second day.[2]
    • The fever defervesces after the third day.[2]

Complications

  • Complications that can develop from Zika virus infection include congenital anomalies such as:[3]

Prognosis

  • The prognosis for Zika virus infection is excellent, with the majority of patients experiencing full recovery within 4-7 days symptom manifestation.[1]
  • Congenital or neurological sequalae are the main markers of poor prognosis.[3]
  • Zika virus-related deaths are uncommon, but several deaths have been reported during outbreaks.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Zika Virus Infection Factsheet for Health Professionals". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. November 11, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hayes EB (2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1347–50. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Epidemiological Alert: Neurological Syndromes, Congenital Malformations, and Zika Virus Infection. Implications for Public Health in the Americas". Pan American Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.