Diabetes mellitus type 2 causes: Difference between revisions
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== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
* The etiology of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. Numerous [[Theory|theories]] exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | * The etiology of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. Numerous [[Theory|theories]] exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | ||
* [[Central obesity]] is known to predispose individuals to [[insulin resistance]]. Abdominal fat is especially active [[Hormone|hormonally]], secreting a group of [[Hormone|hormones]] called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair [[glucose]] tolerance. [[Obesity]] is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> | * [[Central obesity]] is known to predispose individuals to [[insulin resistance]]. Abdominal fat is especially active [[Hormone|hormonally]], secreting a group of [[Hormone|hormones]] called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair [[glucose]] tolerance. [[Obesity]] is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> | ||
* Other factors include [[Ageing|aging]] (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]), and a positive [[family history]] ([[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2]] is much more common in those with close relatives who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 DM]]).<ref name=":0">Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. ''Geriatrics'' '''2004''', 59, 14-17.</ref> | * Other factors include [[Ageing|aging]] (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]), and a positive [[family history]] ([[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2]] is much more common in those with close relatives who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 DM]]).<ref name=":0">Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. ''Geriatrics'' '''2004''', 59, 14-17.</ref> | ||
* In the last decade, [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood [[obesity]] seen in recent decades in some places.<ref>{{cite book | * In the last decade, [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood [[obesity]] seen in recent decades in some places.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| last = Arlan Rosenbloom | | last = Arlan Rosenbloom | ||
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| isbn = 978-1580401555 | | isbn = 978-1580401555 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
*A follow-up study in a population from the U.K. showed that class III homozygosity was related to higher risk for [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] in women, but not in men.<ref name="pmid15562019">{{cite journal| author=Meigs JB, Dupuis J, Herbert AG, Liu C, Wilson PW, Cupples LA| title=The insulin gene variable number tandem repeat and risk of type 2 diabetes in a population-based sample of families and unrelated men and women. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2005 | volume= 90 | issue= 2 | pages= 1137-43 | pmid=15562019 | doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1212 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15562019 }}</ref> | |||
* Based on some studies, besides factors like [[Ageing|aging]]<ref name=":0" /> and high-[[fat]] diets<ref>Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. ''Curr Diab Rep'' '''2002''', 2,435-440.</ref>, a less active lifestyle<ref>Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.</ref> is also found to increase risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | * Based on some studies, besides factors like [[Ageing|aging]]<ref name=":0" /> and high-[[fat]] diets<ref>Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. ''Curr Diab Rep'' '''2002''', 2,435-440.</ref>, a less active lifestyle<ref>Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.</ref> is also found to increase risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | ||
Revision as of 19:58, 1 August 2020
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 Microchapters |
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Differentiating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
The underlying cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. The exact cause of insulin resistance is not known, however several theories exist. Central obesity, aging, and high glycemic diets are most commonly implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Causes
- The etiology of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial.[1] There is often an interplay of multiple risk factors coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a genetically susceptible person, which results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Numerous theories exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes.
- Central obesity is known to predispose individuals to insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.[2]
- Other factors include aging (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes), and a positive family history (type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have type 2 DM).[3]
- In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity seen in recent decades in some places.[4]
- A follow-up study in a population from the U.K. showed that class III homozygosity was related to higher risk for type 2 diabetes in women, but not in men.[5]
- Based on some studies, besides factors like aging[3] and high-fat diets[6], a less active lifestyle[7] is also found to increase risk of type 2 diabetes.
- The following medications may cause type 2 diabetes:
References
- ↑ Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM (2017). "Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort". Eur. J. Intern. Med. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021. PMID 28679485.
- ↑ Eberhart, MS (November 19, 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 53 (45): 1066–1068. Retrieved 2007-03-11. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. Geriatrics 2004, 59, 14-17.
- ↑ Arlan Rosenbloom, Janet H Silverstein (2003). Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. American Diabetes Association,U.S. p. 1. ISBN 978-1580401555.
- ↑ Meigs JB, Dupuis J, Herbert AG, Liu C, Wilson PW, Cupples LA (2005). "The insulin gene variable number tandem repeat and risk of type 2 diabetes in a population-based sample of families and unrelated men and women". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90 (2): 1137–43. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1212. PMID 15562019.
- ↑ Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep 2002, 2,435-440.
- ↑ Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.