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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare, but under recognized cause of [[acute coronary syndrome]] and [[sudden death|sudden cardiac death]],<ref name="pmid8665336">{{cite journal| author=Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. | journal=Heart | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 451-4 | pmid=8665336 | doi= | pmc=PMC484340 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8665336 }} </ref> which predominantly affects young, healthy women with few to no traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Heightened awareness along with advances in intracoronary imaging techniques have led to an increase in the number of SCAD cases reported antemortem. Multiple risk factors and precipitating stressors have been identified for SCAD, including [[fibromuscular dysplasia]] (FMD), connective tissue disorders, systemic inflammatory disorders, [[pregnancy]] and the peripartum state, hormonal therapy, and extreme physical exertion and/or emotional stress. In the majority of cases, conservative medical management is the optimal treatment strategy; however, based on the patient's clinical status and anatomy of the coronary dissection, revascularization with [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] (PCI) or [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] (CABG) may be warranted. Based on the limited outcomes data, SCAD survivors typically have a good long-term prognosis; however, there is an increased risk for recurrent SCAD events as well as other major cardiovascular events. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of this complex disorder as well as to gain a better understanding of the optimal treatment strategies and long-term outcomes of this unique patient population. | | Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare, but under recognized cause of [[acute coronary syndrome]] and [[sudden death|sudden cardiac death]],<ref name="pmid8665336">{{cite journal| author=Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G| title=Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. | journal=Heart | year= 1996 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 451-4 | pmid=8665336 | doi= | pmc=PMC484340 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8665336 }} </ref> which predominantly affects young, healthy women with few to no traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Heightened awareness along with advances in intracoronary imaging techniques have led to an increase in the number of SCAD cases reported antemortem. Multiple risk factors and precipitating stressors have been identified for SCAD, including [[fibromuscular dysplasia]] (FMD), connective tissue disorders, systemic inflammatory disorders, [[pregnancy]] and the peripartum state, hormonal therapy, and extreme physical exertion and/or emotional stress. In the majority of cases, conservative medical management is the optimal treatment strategy; however, based on the patient's clinical status and anatomy of the coronary dissection, revascularization with [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] (PCI) or [[coronary artery bypass grafting]] (CABG) may be warranted. Based on the limited outcomes data, SCAD survivors typically have a good long-term prognosis; however, there is an increased risk for recurrent SCAD events as well as other major cardiovascular events. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of this complex disorder as well as to gain a better understanding of the optimal treatment strategies and long-term outcomes of this unique patient population. |
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| | ==Historical Perspective== |
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| *Historical perspective of a disease discusses the initial discovery of the disease, the major outbreaks/events associated with the disease, and the initial diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries related to the disease.
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| *This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| *The overview of the historical perspective of a disease should be a short description of the landmark discoveries associated with the disease. It is ideally written after the main historical perspective microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview that is seen on the historical perspective microchapter.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Historical Perspective overview statement, click [[Historical perspective template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
| *Classification of a disease varies based on the type of disease. For example, certain cancers may be classified based on stage and grade, whereas a drug allergy may be classified based on the type of drug reaction.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| * The overview of the classification of a disease should be a short description of the way in which the disease is classified. It is ideally written after the main classification microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the classification microchapter.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Classification overview statement, click [[Classification template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==Pathophysiology== |
| *Pathophysiology is the study of the biological and physical manifestations of a disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| * The overview of the pathophysiology of a disease should be a short description of the basic disease process. It is ideally written after the main pathophysiology microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the pathophysiology microchapter.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Pathophysiology overview statement, click [[Pathophysiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| * This section summarizes the main causes of the disease.
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| * The overview for causes of a disease should ideally be written after the main causes microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main causes microchapter for the disease.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Causes (Non-microbiology) overview statement, click [[Crowdiagnosis project template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| *To view a template and examples of the Causes (Microbiology) overview statement, click [[Microbiology template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions== | | |
| * In this section, give a brief description of the main diseases that need to be differentiated from the disease you are describing.
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| *The overview of the differentiation of a disease should ideally be written after the main microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main "differentiating disease from other conditions" microchapter for the disease.
| | ==Differentiating Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection from Other Conditions== |
| *To view a template and examples of the Differential Diagnosis overview statement, click [[Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
| * Epidemiology is the scientific study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease populations. Demographics are the objective characteristics of a population age, marital status, family size, racial origin, present or prior disease, religion, income, and education and how they relate to a specific disease.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| *The overview of the epidemiology and demographics of a disease should ideally be written after the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter is written. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main epidemiology and demographics microchapter for the disease.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Epidemiology and Demographics overview statement, click [[Epidemiology and demographics template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| * Risk factors are variables associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.This section should outline the risk factors that have the highest correlation with the disease.
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| * The overview of the risk factors of a disease should ideally be written after the main risk factors microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Risk Factors overview statement, click [[Risk factor template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== |
| * The natural history of a disease describes how the disease would progress without treatment. The complications describe the negative consequences of the disease and treatment, and the prognosis describes the outcomes of the disease.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| * The overview of the natural history, complications and prognosis is ideally written after the main microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement that is seen on the natural history, complications and prognosis microchapter page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Natural History, Complications and Prognosis overview statement, click [[Natural history, complications and prognosis template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| * The diagnosis of a disease details the most important signs, symptoms, tests, and other studies that lead to the diagnosis of a disease.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| * The overview of the diagnosis of a disease should ideally be written after the main diagnosis microchapters are written, to summarize the key points of the microchapters.
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| ===History and Symptoms=== | | ===History and Symptoms=== |
| * Describe the main aspects of the patient history that should be focused on, and the symptoms that lead to, or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should use the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example of this subsection, click [[Myocarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]].
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| * This section can be the same as the overview section on the history and symptoms page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the History and Symptoms overview statement, click [[History and symptoms template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Physical Examination=== | | ===Physical Examination=== |
| * Describe the main physical examination findings that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence. For an example, click [[Pericarditis overview#Diagnosis|here]]
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| * This section can be the same as the overview section physical examination page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Physical Examination overview statement, click [[Physical examination template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Laboratory Findings=== | | ===Laboratory Findings=== |
| * List the main laboratory studies that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
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| * This section should be the same as the overview statement on the laboratory findings page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Laboratory Findings overview statement, click [[Laboratory findings template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Electrocardiogram=== | | ===Electrocardiogram=== |
| * If EKG findings are pertinent to the diagnosis of the disease you are describing, you can provide the findings here.
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| * This section can be the same as the overview statement found on the Electrocardiogram page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Electocardiogram overview statement, click [[Electrocardiogram template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Chest X Ray=== | | ===Chest X Ray=== |
| * If chest x ray findings are pertinent to the disease page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
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| * This can be the same as the overview statement on the chest x ray page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Chest X Ray overview statement, click [[Chest x ray template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===CT Scan=== | | ===CT Scan=== |
| *If CT findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can briefly describe them here.
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| *This section can be the same as the overview section on the CT page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the CT Scan overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | | ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== |
| *If echocardiography or ultrasound findings are pertinent to the page you are making, you can describe them here.
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| *This section can be the same as the overview section on the echocardiography and ultrasound page.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Echocardiography or Ultrasound overview statement, click [[Echocardiography or ultrasound template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Other Imaging Findings=== | | ===Other Imaging Findings=== |
| * List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| * Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
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| * This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
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| * The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
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| ===Medical Therapy=== | | ===Medical Therapy=== |
| * Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
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| *This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click [[Medical therapy template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Surgery=== | | ===Surgery=== |
| *Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
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| *This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Surgery overview statement, click [[Surgery template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ===Prevention=== | | ===Prevention=== |
| *Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
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| *This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
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| *To view a template and examples of the Prevention overview statement, click [[Prevention template#Overview|'''here''']].
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| ==References== | | ==References== |