Bronchiolitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Bronchiolitis has different range of risk factors and it can be differentiated based on the age. In adult, common risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to [[cigarette]] smoke, living in crowded areas and immunocompromised patients. In infants, the risk factors include age < 6 months, lack of [[breast-feeding]], [[prematurity]], and young children infected with congenital heart diseases.<ref name="Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)">CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid26735994">{{cite journal| author=Meissner HC| title=Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 1 | pages= 62-72 | pmid=26735994 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1413456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26735994 }} </ref> | Bronchiolitis has different range of risk factors and it can be differentiated based on the age. In adult, common risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to [[cigarette]] smoke, living in crowded areas and [[immunocompromised]] patients. In infants, the risk factors include age < 6 months, lack of [[breast-feeding]], [[prematurity]], and young children infected with [[congenital heart diseases]].<ref name="Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)">CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid26735994">{{cite journal| author=Meissner HC| title=Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 1 | pages= 62-72 | pmid=26735994 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1413456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26735994 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common risk factors in infants and children=== | ===Common risk factors in infants and children=== | ||
The following infants and children cases are at higher risk to be infected with bronchiolitis:<ref name="Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)">CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid26735994">{{cite journal| author=Meissner HC| title=Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 1 | pages= 62-72 | pmid=26735994 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1413456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26735994 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21817948">{{cite journal| author=Stockman LJ, Curns AT, Anderson LJ, Fischer-Langley G| title=Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997-2006. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2012 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-9 | pmid=21817948 | doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e31822e68e6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817948 }} </ref> | The following infants and children cases are at higher risk to be infected with bronchiolitis:<ref name="Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)">CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017 </ref><ref name="pmid26735994">{{cite journal| author=Meissner HC| title=Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 1 | pages= 62-72 | pmid=26735994 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1413456 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26735994 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21817948">{{cite journal| author=Stockman LJ, Curns AT, Anderson LJ, Fischer-Langley G| title=Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997-2006. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2012 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-9 | pmid=21817948 | doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e31822e68e6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817948 }} </ref> | ||
*Premature infants as the maternal transfer of immunoglobulins occur in the last trimester | *Premature infants as the maternal transfer of [[immunoglobulins]] occur in the last trimester | ||
*Young children infected with congenital heart diseases are at high risk due to decreased cardiac output.<ref name="pmid14571236">{{cite journal| author=Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH et al.| title=Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-40 | pmid=14571236 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14571236 }} </ref> These diseases include: | *Young children infected with [[congenital heart diseases]] are at high risk due to decreased [[cardiac output]].<ref name="pmid14571236">{{cite journal| author=Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH et al.| title=Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-40 | pmid=14571236 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14571236 }} </ref> These diseases include: | ||
**Pulmonary hypertension | **[[Pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
**Congestive heart failure | **[[Congestive heart failure]] | ||
*Lack of [[breast-feeding]] | *Lack of [[breast-feeding]] | ||
*Children and infants infected by chronic lung disease | *Children and infants infected by chronic [[lung disease]]. | ||
*Immunocompromised children due to a medical condition or medical treatment | *[[Immunocompromised]] children due to a medical condition or medical treatment | ||
===Common risk factors in adult=== | ===Common risk factors in adult=== | ||
*Exposure to cigarette smoke. | *Exposure to [[cigarette smoke]]. | ||
*Living in crowded conditions. | *Living in crowded conditions. | ||
*Immunocompromised adult patients. | *Immunocompromised adult patients. | ||
*Older adults, especially those with underlying heart or lung disease. | *Older adults, especially those with underlying [[Heart disease|heart]] or lung disease. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:10, 23 June 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Bronchiolitis has different range of risk factors and it can be differentiated based on the age. In adult, common risk factors in the development of bronchiolitis include exposure to cigarette smoke, living in crowded areas and immunocompromised patients. In infants, the risk factors include age < 6 months, lack of breast-feeding, prematurity, and young children infected with congenital heart diseases.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in infants and children
The following infants and children cases are at higher risk to be infected with bronchiolitis:[1][2][3]
- Premature infants as the maternal transfer of immunoglobulins occur in the last trimester
- Young children infected with congenital heart diseases are at high risk due to decreased cardiac output.[4] These diseases include:
- Lack of breast-feeding
- Children and infants infected by chronic lung disease.
- Immunocompromised children due to a medical condition or medical treatment
Common risk factors in adult
- Exposure to cigarette smoke.
- Living in crowded conditions.
- Immunocompromised adult patients.
- Older adults, especially those with underlying heart or lung disease.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 CDC https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html Accessed on June 1, 2017
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Meissner HC (2016). "Viral Bronchiolitis in Children". N Engl J Med. 374 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1413456. PMID 26735994.
- ↑ Stockman LJ, Curns AT, Anderson LJ, Fischer-Langley G (2012). "Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among infants and young children in the United States, 1997-2006". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 31 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31822e68e6. PMID 21817948.
- ↑ Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH; et al. (2003). "Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease". J Pediatr. 143 (4): 532–40. PMID 14571236.