Diabetes mellitus type 1 causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of  Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:
The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of  Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:
<ref name="pmid27302272">{{cite journal| author=Pociot F, Lernmark Å| title=Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. | journal=Lancet | year= 2016 | volume= 387 | issue= 10035 | pages= 2331-9 | pmid=27302272 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27302272  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27625010">{{cite journal| author=Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S et al.| title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. | journal=J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27625010 | doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27625010  }}</ref><ref>Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.</ref><ref>Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.</ref><ref>Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.</ref><ref name="pmid27545597">{{cite journal| author=Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM| title=Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. | journal=Can J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=27545597 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27545597  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26271890">{{cite journal| author=Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A| title=Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Theor Biol | year= 2015 | volume= 383 | issue=  | pages= 93-105 | pmid=26271890 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032 | pmc=4567915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26271890  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24105410">{{cite journal| author=Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M| title=General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2014 | volume= 75 | issue= 1-1 | pages= 45-50 | pmid=24105410 | doi=10.1038/pr.2013.167 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24105410  }}</ref>
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! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes  
! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes  

Revision as of 22:03, 27 December 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

There are no established causes for type 1 DM. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors.

Causes

The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:

Type 1 Diabetes causes
Genes associated with Type 1 DM Candidate genes assoicated with type 1 diabetes are:

PTPN22, IL10, AFF3, IFIH1, STAT4, CTLA4, CCR5, IL21, IL2, IL7R, BACH2, TNFAIP3, TAGAP, IKZF1, GLIS3, IL2RA, PRKCQ, NRP1, INS, BAD, CD69, ITGB7, ERBB3, CYP27B1, SH2B3, GPR183, DLK1, RASGRP1, CTSH, CLEC16A, IL27, ORMDL3, PTPN2, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, and UBASK3A

Envirnomental triggers associated with Type 1 DM
  • Congenital rubella
  • Maternal entero-viral infection
  • Cesarean section
  • Higher birth weight
  • Older maternal age
  • Low maternal intake of vegetables
  • Enteroviral infection
  • Frequent respiratory or enteric infections
  • Abnormal microbiome
  • Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk
  • Infant weight gain
  • Serious life events
  • Persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections
  • Overweight or increased height velocity
  • High glycemic load, fructose intake
  • Dietary nitrates or nitrosamines
  • Puberty
  • Steroid treatment
  • Insulin resistance
  • Psychological stress
Immunologic factors associated with Type 1 DM
  • Islet cell autoantibodies
  • Activated lymphocytes in the islets, peripancreatic lymph nodes, and systemic circulation
  • T lymphocytes that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins
  • Release of cytokines within the insulitis

References

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