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==Overview==
==Overview==
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins occur [[varices|elsewhere]]. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde). Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart. When veins become enlarged, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves don't work. A common cause of valve failure is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which can cause permanent damage to the valves.  The blood collects in the veins and they enlarge even more. Varicose veins are common in the superficial [[veins]] of the legs, which are subject to high pressure when standing.
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins occur [[varices|elsewhere]]. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde). Leg muscles pump the blood in veins to return it to the heart. When veins become enlarged, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves don't work. A common cause of valve failure is [[Deep Vein Thrombosis]] (DVT), which can cause permanent damage to the valves.  The blood collects in the veins and they enlarge even more. Varicose veins are common in the superficial [[veins]] of the legs, which are subject to high pressure when standing.


==Causes==
==Causes==
Varicose veins are more common in women than in men, and are linked with [[heredity]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ng M, Andrew T, Spector T, Jeffery S | title = Linkage to the [[FOXC2]] region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs. | journal = J Med Genet | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 235-9 | year = 2005 | id =PMID 15744037}}</ref> Other related factors are [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], [[menopause]], [[Senescence|aging]], prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining. Varicose veins are bulging veins that are larger than spider veins, typically 3 mm or more in diameter.<ref>NHS Direct[http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=387&sectionId=28131] </ref> Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins (blue veins) and [[spider_veins|telangiectasias]] (spider veins) which also involve valvular insufficiency,<ref>Weiss R A, Weiss M A, Doppler Ultrasound Findings in Reticular Veins of the Thigh Subdermic Lateral Venous System and Implications for Sclerotherapy, Journal of Derm Surg Onc, Vol 19 No 10 (Oct 1993) p947-951.</ref> by the size and location of the veins.
Varicose veins are more common in women than in men, and are linked with [[heredity]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ng M, Andrew T, Spector T, Jeffery S | title = Linkage to the [[FOXC2]] region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs. | journal = J Med Genet | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 235-9 | year = 2005 | id =PMID 15744037}}</ref> Other related factors are [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], [[menopause]], [[Senescence|aging]], prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining. Varicose veins are bulging veins that are larger than spider veins, typically 3 mm or more in diameter.<ref>NHS Direct[http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=387&sectionId=28131] </ref> Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins (blue veins) and [[spider_veins|telangiectasias]] (spider veins) which also involve valvular insufficiency,<ref>Weiss R A, Weiss M A, Doppler Ultrasound Findings in Reticular Veins of the Thigh Subdermic Lateral Venous System and Implications for Sclerotherapy, Journal of Derm Surg Onc, Vol 19 No 10 (Oct 1993) p947-951.</ref> by the size and location of the veins.


==Complications==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
Serious complications are rare but severe varicosities can lead to major complications, due to the poor circulation through the affected limb.
These often occur in people who are involved in work requiring prolonged periods of standing. The high pressure that builds up during those periods cause the veins to become tortuous and their valves to fail. With time, these varicosities can enlarge and cause swelling as well as pain of legs at the end of the day. Eventually, these can become associated with superficial ulcers which  can bleed and/or get infected. Stagnation of the venous blood in these veins can also lead to formation of blood clots. 
 
Serious complications are rare but severe varicosities can lead to major complications such as thrombophlebitis, venous ulcers & clotting of blood<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/varicose-veins/complications/|title=Complications of Varicose veins|last=|first=|date=|website=NHS|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, due to the poor circulation through the affected limb.  


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Symptoms===
===Symptoms===
Besides cosmetic problems, varicose veins are often painful, especially when standing or walking. They often itch, and scratching them can cause ulcers.
Besides cosmetic problems, varicose veins are often tortuous and  painful, especially when standing or walking. They often itch, and scratching them can cause ulcers.


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Vascular surgery]]
[[Category:Vascular surgery]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

Overview

Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins occur elsewhere. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde). Leg muscles pump the blood in veins to return it to the heart. When veins become enlarged, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves don't work. A common cause of valve failure is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which can cause permanent damage to the valves. The blood collects in the veins and they enlarge even more. Varicose veins are common in the superficial veins of the legs, which are subject to high pressure when standing.

Causes

Varicose veins are more common in women than in men, and are linked with heredity.[1] Other related factors are pregnancy, obesity, menopause, aging, prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining. Varicose veins are bulging veins that are larger than spider veins, typically 3 mm or more in diameter.[2] Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins (blue veins) and telangiectasias (spider veins) which also involve valvular insufficiency,[3] by the size and location of the veins.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

These often occur in people who are involved in work requiring prolonged periods of standing. The high pressure that builds up during those periods cause the veins to become tortuous and their valves to fail. With time, these varicosities can enlarge and cause swelling as well as pain of legs at the end of the day. Eventually, these can become associated with superficial ulcers which can bleed and/or get infected. Stagnation of the venous blood in these veins can also lead to formation of blood clots.

Serious complications are rare but severe varicosities can lead to major complications such as thrombophlebitis, venous ulcers & clotting of blood[4], due to the poor circulation through the affected limb.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

Besides cosmetic problems, varicose veins are often tortuous and painful, especially when standing or walking. They often itch, and scratching them can cause ulcers.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Non-surgical treatments include sclerotherapy, elastic stockings, elevating the legs, and exercise. The traditional surgical treatment has been vein stripping to remove the affected veins. Newer surgical treatments are less invasive (see radiofrequency ablation) and are slowly replacing traditional surgical treatments. Since most of the blood in the legs is returned by the deep veins, and the superficial veins only return about 10%, they can be removed or ablated without serious harm.[5]

Surgery

Several techniques have been performed for over a century, from the more invasive named "saphenous stripping" up to mini invasives like superficial phlectomies and CHIVA cure.

References

  1. Ng M, Andrew T, Spector T, Jeffery S (2005). "Linkage to the FOXC2 region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs". J Med Genet. 42 (3): 235–9. PMID 15744037.
  2. NHS Direct[1]
  3. Weiss R A, Weiss M A, Doppler Ultrasound Findings in Reticular Veins of the Thigh Subdermic Lateral Venous System and Implications for Sclerotherapy, Journal of Derm Surg Onc, Vol 19 No 10 (Oct 1993) p947-951.
  4. "Complications of Varicose veins". NHS.
  5. Merck Manual Home Edition, 2nd ed.[2]

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