Mental disorder causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Mental disorder}}
{{Mental disorder}}
{{CMG}} '''Assistant Editor-In Chief''': [[User: Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D.]] [mailto:mzacarkim@wikidoc.org]
{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-In Chief''': [[User: Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D.]] [mailto:mzacarkim@wikidoc.org]
 
== Causes ==


{{main|Causes of mental disorders}}
{{main|Causes of mental disorders}}


==Overview==
Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors ([[Diathesis-stress model]]). An [[wikt:eclectic|eclectic]] or [[Scientific pluralism|pluralistic]] mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the [[biopsychosocial]] (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. [[Biopsychiatry]] has tended to follow a [[biomedical]] model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. [[Psychoanalytic]] theories have been popular but are now less so. [[Evolutionary psychology]] may be used as an overall explanatory theory. [[Attachment theory]] is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.
Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors ([[Diathesis-stress model]]). An [[wikt:eclectic|eclectic]] or [[Scientific pluralism|pluralistic]] mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the [[biopsychosocial]] (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. [[Biopsychiatry]] has tended to follow a [[biomedical]] model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. [[Psychoanalytic]] theories have been popular but are now less so. [[Evolutionary psychology]] may be used as an overall explanatory theory. [[Attachment theory]] is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.


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Environmental events surrounding [[pregnancy]] and [[birth]] have also been implicated. [[Traumatic brain injury]] may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to [[substance abuse|substance misuse]], and to general physical health.
Environmental events surrounding [[pregnancy]] and [[birth]] have also been implicated. [[Traumatic brain injury]] may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to [[substance abuse|substance misuse]], and to general physical health.


Abnormal functioning of [[neurotransmitter]] systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. [[Psychological]] mechanisms have also been implicated, such as [[cognitive]] and [[emotional]] processes, [[personality]], [[temperament]] and [[coping]] style.
Abnormal functioning of [[neurotransmitter]] systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. [[Psychological]] mechanisms have also been implicated, such as [[cognitive]] and [[emotional]] processes, [[personality]], temperament and coping style.


Social influences have been found to be important, including [[abuse]], [[bullying]] and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including [[employment]] problems, [[socioeconomic]] [[inequality]], lack of social cohesion, problems linked to [[Human migration|migration]], and features of particular [[societies]] and [[cultures]].
Social influences have been found to be important, including [[abuse]], bullying and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to [[Human migration|migration]], and features of particular societies and cultures.


==Common Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===


* [[Anxiety]] disorders  
* [[Anxiety]] disorders  
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Long-term opioid use  
|bgcolor="Beige"| Long-term [[opioid use]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Environmental stressors, Exposure to [[toxins]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| Environmental stressors, Exposure to [[toxins]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Narcolepsy]], Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, [[Down syndrome]] (Trisomy 21), Difficulty delaying gratification, [[Dissociative amnesia]], Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dysthymic disorder, [[Fragile X Syndrome]], Genetic prenatal causes, [[Genetic]] vulnerabilities, [[Landau-Kleffner syndrome]], Language-based learning disability, Learning disorders, [[Mental retardation]], [[Paranoid personality disorder]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Narcolepsy]], [[Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome]], [[Down syndrome]] (Trisomy 21), Difficulty delaying gratification, [[Dissociative amnesia]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Dysthymia]], [[Fragile X Syndrome]], Genetic prenatal causes, [[Genetic]] vulnerabilities, [[Landau-Kleffner syndrome]], Language-based [[learning disability]], Learning disorders, [[Mental retardation]], [[Paranoid personality disorder]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Migraine]], [[Body dysmorphic disorder]], [[Borna disease]], Brain defects or injury, [[Dementia]], [[Developmental disorders]], Developmental language disorder, Miscellaneous neurologic events, Neuropsychiatric disorder
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Migraine]], [[Body dysmorphic disorder]], [[Borna disease]], Brain defects or injury, [[Dementia]], [[Developmental disorders]], Developmental [[language disorder]], Miscellaneous neurologic events, Neuropsychiatric disorder
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]], [[Autism]], Attention deficit, [[Avoidant personality disorder]], [[Brief psychotic disorder]], [[Bipolar disorder]], [[Borderline personality disorder]], Bullying, [[Bulimia]], [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]], [[Conversion disorder]], [[Cyclothymic disorder]], [[Dependent personality disorder]], [[Depression]], [[Dissociative identity disorder]], Emotional [[maltreatment]], Emotional neglect, Emotional processes, Exhibitionism, False perceptions, Feelings of inadequacy, Frequent mood swings, [[Gambling]] addiction, Generalised anxiety disorder, [[Hallucinations]], Histrionic personality disorder, [[Hyperactivity]] disorder, [[Hypersomnia]], [[Hypochondriasis]], Impulse control disorders, [[Kleptomania]], [[Loneliness]], Low self-esteem, [[Intermittent explosive disorder]], [[Narcissistic personality disorder]], Neuropsychiatric disorder, [[Nonaffective Psychosis]], [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[Personality disorder]], Post traumatic disorder, Postpartum psychosis, [[Post traumatic stress disorder]], [[Psychotic disorders]], [[Pyromania]], [[Schizoaffective disorder]], [[Schizophrenia]], Schizotypal personality disorder, [[Somatization Disorder]], [[Suicide]] attempts, Specific [[phobias]], [[Tic disorders]],           
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]], [[Autism]], [[Attention deficit]], [[Avoidant personality disorder]], [[Brief psychotic disorder]], [[Bipolar disorder]], [[Borderline personality disorder]], Bullying, [[Bulimia]], [[Childhood disintegrative disorder]], [[Conversion disorder]], [[Cyclothymic disorder]], [[Dependent personality disorder]], [[Depression]], [[Dissociative identity disorder]], Emotional [[maltreatment]], Emotional neglect, Emotional processes, Exhibitionism, False perceptions, Feelings of inadequacy, Frequent mood swings, [[Gambling]] addiction, [[Generalized anxiety disorder]], [[Hallucinations]], Histrionic personality disorder, [[Hyperactivity]] disorder, [[Hypersomnia]], [[Hypochondriasis]], Impulse control disorders, [[Kleptomania]], [[Loneliness]], Low self-esteem, [[Intermittent explosive disorder]], [[Narcissistic personality disorder]], [[Neuropsychiatric disorder]], [[Nonaffective Psychosis]], [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[Personality disorder]], [[Post traumatic stress disorder]], Postpartum psychosis, [[Post traumatic stress disorder]], [[Psychotic disorders]], [[Pyromania]], [[Schizoaffective disorder]], [[Schizophrenia]], Schizotypal personality disorder, [[Somatization Disorder]], [[Suicide]] attempts, Specific [[phobias]], [[Tic disorders]]          
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*[[Alcohol abuse]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23157139">{{cite journal |author=Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A |title=[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=33 |issue=195 |pages=176–81 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23157139 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Alcohol abuse]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23157139">{{cite journal |author=Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A |title=[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=33 |issue=195 |pages=176–81 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23157139 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Alzheimer disease ]]
*[[Alzheimer disease]]<ref name="pmid23428498">{{cite journal |author=Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB |title=Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions |journal=Cytogenet. Genome Res. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23428498 |doi=10.1159/000347053 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Amnesia]]
*[[Amnesia]]
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*[[Asperger syndrome]]
*[[Asperger syndrome]]


*Attention deficit<ref name="pmid22306277">{{cite journal |author=Cortese S |title=The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know |journal=Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=422–33 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=22306277 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Attention deficit]]<ref name="pmid22306277">{{cite journal |author=Cortese S |title=The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know |journal=Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=422–33 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=22306277 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Autism]]<ref name="pmid23425682">{{cite journal |author=Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H |title=Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders? |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume= |issue= |pages=1–10 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425682 |doi=10.1017/S1355617713000167 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Autism]]<ref name="pmid23425682">{{cite journal |author=Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H |title=Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders? |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume= |issue= |pages=1–10 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425682 |doi=10.1017/S1355617713000167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23428498">{{cite journal |author=Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB |title=Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions |journal=Cytogenet. Genome Res. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23428498 |doi=10.1159/000347053 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Avoidant personality disorder]]
*[[Avoidant personality disorder]]
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*[[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]
*[[Childhood disintegrative disorder]]


*Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
*[[Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome]]


*[[Cocaine use]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cocaine use]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref>
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*[[Developmental disorders]]
*[[Developmental disorders]]


*Developmental language disorder
*Developmental [[language disorder]]


*Difficulty delaying gratification
*Difficulty delaying gratification
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*[[Down syndrome]] (Trisomy 21)
*[[Down syndrome]] (Trisomy 21)


*Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)<ref name="pmid22344614">{{cite journal |author=Nardes F, Araújo AP, Ribeiro MG |title=Mental retardation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy |journal=J Pediatr (Rio J) |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=6–16 |year=2012 |pmid=22344614 |doi=doi:10.2223/JPED.2148 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]] (DMD)<ref name="pmid22344614">{{cite journal |author=Nardes F, Araújo AP, Ribeiro MG |title=Mental retardation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy |journal=J Pediatr (Rio J) |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=6–16 |year=2012 |pmid=22344614 |doi=doi:10.2223/JPED.2148 |url=}}</ref>


*Dysfunctional family life
*Dysfunctional family life


*Dysthymic disorder
*Dysthymic disorder ([[dysthymia]])


*[[Eating disorders]]<ref name="pmid23397319">{{cite journal |author=Lokkerbol J, Adema D, de Graaf R, ''et al.'' |title=Non-fatal burden of disease due to mental disorders in the Netherlands |journal=Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23397319 |doi=10.1007/s00127-013-0660-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22489814">{{cite journal |author=Kadish YA |title=Pathological organizations and psychic retreats in eating disorders |journal=Psychoanal Rev |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=227–52 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22489814 |doi=10.1521/prev.2012.99.2.227 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Eating disorders]]<ref name="pmid23397319">{{cite journal |author=Lokkerbol J, Adema D, de Graaf R, ''et al.'' |title=Non-fatal burden of disease due to mental disorders in the Netherlands |journal=Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23397319 |doi=10.1007/s00127-013-0660-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22489814">{{cite journal |author=Kadish YA |title=Pathological organizations and psychic retreats in eating disorders |journal=Psychoanal Rev |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=227–52 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22489814 |doi=10.1521/prev.2012.99.2.227 |url=}}</ref>
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*Functional impairment (self-care, work, and interpersonal functioning)
*Functional impairment (self-care, work, and interpersonal functioning)


*[[Gambling]] addiction
*[[Gambling]] addiction<ref name="pmid23385394">{{cite journal |author=Cuomo I, Kotzalidis GD, Caccia F, Danese E, Manfredi G, Girardi P |title=Citalopram-Associated Gambling: A Case Report |journal=J Gambl Stud |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23385394 |doi=10.1007/s10899-013-9360-2 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Gender identity disorder]]
*[[Gender identity disorder]]


*Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
*[[Generalized anxiety disorder]] (GAD)


*[[Genetic]] [[prenatal]] causes
*[[Genetic]] [[prenatal]] causes
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*[[Hallucinations]]
*[[Hallucinations]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hearing impairment]]


*[[Hearing impairment]]
{{ColBreak}}
*High risk [[sexual behavior]]
*High risk [[sexual behavior]]


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*Learning disorders
*Learning disorders


*Lesch Nyhan syndrome
*[[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]]


*[[Loneliness]]
*[[Loneliness]]
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*Negative working conditions<ref name="pmid23405478">{{cite journal |author=Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E, ''et al.'' |title=[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions] |language=Italian |journal=Med Lav |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=437–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23405478 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Negative working conditions<ref name="pmid23405478">{{cite journal |author=Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E, ''et al.'' |title=[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions] |language=Italian |journal=Med Lav |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=437–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23405478 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*Neuropsychiatric disorder<ref name="pmid23425632">{{cite journal |author=Li J, Zhao G, Gao X |title=Development of neurodevelopmental disorders: a regulatory mechanism involving bromodomain-containing proteins |journal=J Neurodev Disord |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425632 |doi=10.1186/1866-1955-5-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23426383">{{cite journal |author=Abush H, Akirav I |title=Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23426383 |doi=10.1038/npp.2013.51 |url=}}</ref>
*Neuropsychiatric disorder<ref name="pmid23425632">{{cite journal |author=Li J, Zhao G, Gao X |title=Development of neurodevelopmental disorders: a regulatory mechanism involving bromodomain-containing proteins |journal=J Neurodev Disord |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425632 |doi=10.1186/1866-1955-5-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23426383">{{cite journal |author=Abush H, Akirav I |title=Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23426383 |doi=10.1038/npp.2013.51 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23428498">{{cite journal |author=Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB |title=Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions |journal=Cytogenet. Genome Res. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23428498 |doi=10.1159/000347053 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Nonaffective Psychosis]]
*[[Nonaffective Psychosis]]
Line 392: Line 392:


*Poor nutrition
*Poor nutrition
*Post traumatic disorder<ref name="pmid23405478">{{cite journal |author=Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E, ''et al.'' |title=[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions] |language=Italian |journal=Med Lav |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=437–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23405478 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Postnatal]] causes (environmental [[toxins]], psychosocial deprivation, [[malnutrition]], intracranial infection, CNS malignancy)
*[[Postnatal]] causes (environmental [[toxins]], psychosocial deprivation, [[malnutrition]], intracranial infection, CNS malignancy)
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*[[Pyromania]]
*[[Pyromania]]


*Rett's disorder
*[[Rett syndrome]]


*[[Sadness]]
*[[Sadness]]
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*[[Schizoaffective disorder]]
*[[Schizoaffective disorder]]


*[[Schizophrenia]]<ref name="pmid23425682">{{cite journal |author=Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H |title=Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders? |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume= |issue= |pages=1–10 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425682 |doi=10.1017/S1355617713000167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23157139">{{cite journal |author=Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A |title=[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=33 |issue=195 |pages=176–81 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23157139 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23431454">{{cite journal |author=Boyer L, Henry JM, Samuelian JC, ''et al.'' |title=Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents Admitted to a French Psychiatric Emergency Service |journal=Emerg Med Int |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=651530 |year=2013 |pmid=23431454 |doi=10.1155/2013/651530 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Schizophrenia]]<ref name="pmid23425682">{{cite journal |author=Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H |title=Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders? |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume= |issue= |pages=1–10 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23425682 |doi=10.1017/S1355617713000167 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23157139">{{cite journal |author=Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A |title=[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders] |language=Polish |journal=Pol. Merkur. Lekarski |volume=33 |issue=195 |pages=176–81 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23157139 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23431454">{{cite journal |author=Boyer L, Henry JM, Samuelian JC, ''et al.'' |title=Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents Admitted to a French Psychiatric Emergency Service |journal=Emerg Med Int |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=651530 |year=2013 |pmid=23431454 |doi=10.1155/2013/651530 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23428498">{{cite journal |author=Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB |title=Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions |journal=Cytogenet. Genome Res. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23428498 |doi=10.1159/000347053 |url=}}</ref>


*Schizotypal Personality Disorder
*[[Schizotypal personality disorder]]


*[[Separation anxiety disorder]]
*[[Separation anxiety disorder]]
Line 423: Line 421:
*Sexual [[Masochism]]
*Sexual [[Masochism]]


*Shared Psychotic Disorder
*Shared psychotic disorder ([[Folie à deux]])


*Significant early loss
*Significant early loss

Latest revision as of 16:42, 28 February 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Main article: Causes of mental disorders

Overview

Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors (Diathesis-stress model). An eclectic or pluralistic mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the biopsychosocial (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. Biopsychiatry has tended to follow a biomedical model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. Psychoanalytic theories have been popular but are now less so. Evolutionary psychology may be used as an overall explanatory theory. Attachment theory is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.

Genetic studies have indicated that genes often play an important role in the development of mental disorders, via developmental pathways interacting with environmental factors. The reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven more difficult.

Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to substance misuse, and to general physical health.

Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive and emotional processes, personality, temperament and coping style.

Social influences have been found to be important, including abuse, bullying and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning Cocaine
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Long-term opioid use
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Environmental stressors, Exposure to toxins
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Narcolepsy, Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Difficulty delaying gratification, Dissociative amnesia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dysthymia, Fragile X Syndrome, Genetic prenatal causes, Genetic vulnerabilities, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Language-based learning disability, Learning disorders, Mental retardation, Paranoid personality disorder
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Syphilis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Migraine, Body dysmorphic disorder, Borna disease, Brain defects or injury, Dementia, Developmental disorders, Developmental language disorder, Miscellaneous neurologic events, Neuropsychiatric disorder
Nutritional / Metabolic Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy, Unplanned pregnancy
Oncologic Cancer
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Anxiety, Autism, Attention deficit, Avoidant personality disorder, Brief psychotic disorder, Bipolar disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Bullying, Bulimia, Childhood disintegrative disorder, Conversion disorder, Cyclothymic disorder, Dependent personality disorder, Depression, Dissociative identity disorder, Emotional maltreatment, Emotional neglect, Emotional processes, Exhibitionism, False perceptions, Feelings of inadequacy, Frequent mood swings, Gambling addiction, Generalized anxiety disorder, Hallucinations, Histrionic personality disorder, Hyperactivity disorder, Hypersomnia, Hypochondriasis, Impulse control disorders, Kleptomania, Loneliness, Low self-esteem, Intermittent explosive disorder, Narcissistic personality disorder, Neuropsychiatric disorder, Nonaffective Psychosis, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Personality disorder, Post traumatic stress disorder, Postpartum psychosis, Post traumatic stress disorder, Psychotic disorders, Pyromania, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizotypal personality disorder, Somatization Disorder, Suicide attempts, Specific phobias, Tic disorders
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Brachioradial pruritus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Binge eating disorder, Behavioral disorders, Cannabis use, Cocaine use, Changing jobs or schools, Death or divorce, Delusional disorder, Dysfunctional family life, Financial problems, Frotteurism, Insomnia, Migration, Unemployment, Voyeurism

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  • Abnormal behavior
  • Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems[1]
  • Angry outbursts
  • Behavioral disorders
  • Brachioradial pruritus
  • Brain defects or injury
  • Changing jobs or schools
  • Difficulty delaying gratification
  • Dysfunctional family life
  • Ego-syntonic symptoms
  • Emotional processes
  • Environmental stressors
  • Exhibitionism
  • Externalizing and blaming the world for their behaviors and feelings
  • False perceptions (visual, auditory or olfactory)
  • Financial problems
  • Frequent mood swings
  • Frotteurism
  • Functional impairment (self-care, work, and interpersonal functioning)
  • Global developmental delay/intellectual disability
  • Impulse control disorders
  • Job loss
  • Lack of social cohesion
  • Language-based learning disability[12]
  • Learning disorders
  • Long-term opioid use
  • Low self-esteem
  • Migration
  • Miscellaneous neurologic events
  • Negative working conditions[6]
  • Otalgia paresthetica
  • Paraphilia
  • Polysubstance use
  • Poor nutrition
  • Postpartum psychosis
  • Severe early deprivation/reactive attachment disorder
  • Significant early loss
  • Socioeconomic inequality
  • Specific phobias
  • Substance-induced psychotic disorder[3][19]
  • Traumatic event
  • Undifferentiated Somatoform disorder
  • Unemployment
  • Unplanned pregnancy
  • Voyeurism


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cortese S (2012). "The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know". Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 16 (5): 422–33. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009. PMID 22306277. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Bouzyk-Szutkiewicz J, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A (2012). "[Alcohol and psychiatric disorders]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 33 (195): 176–81. PMID 23157139. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B (2013). "Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample". Am J Addict. 22 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x. PMID 23398220. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB (2013). "Somatic Cell Genomics of Brain Disorders: A New Opportunity to Clarify Genetic-Environmental Interactions". Cytogenet. Genome Res. doi:10.1159/000347053. PMID 23428498. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Abush H, Akirav I (2013). "Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory". Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.51. PMID 23426383. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E; et al. (2012). "[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions]". Med Lav (in Italian). 103 (6): 437–48. PMID 23405478.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lokkerbol J, Adema D, de Graaf R; et al. (2013). "Non-fatal burden of disease due to mental disorders in the Netherlands". Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0660-8. PMID 23397319. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H (2013). "Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?". J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S1355617713000167. PMID 23425682. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Kadish YA (2012). "Pathological organizations and psychic retreats in eating disorders". Psychoanal Rev. 99 (2): 227–52. doi:10.1521/prev.2012.99.2.227. PMID 22489814. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Brenne E, Loge JH, Kaasa S, Heitzer E, Knudsen AK, Wasteson E (2013). "Depressed patients with incurable cancer: Which depressive symptoms do they experience?". Palliat Support Care: 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1478951512000909. PMID 23388067. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM (2012). "Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications". Iran J Psychiatry. 7 (4): 149–56. PMC 3570572. PMID 23408483.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nardes F, Araújo AP, Ribeiro MG (2012). "Mental retardation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy". J Pediatr (Rio J). 88 (1): 6–16. doi:doi:10.2223/JPED.2148 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 22344614.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Li J, Zhao G, Gao X (2013). "Development of neurodevelopmental disorders: a regulatory mechanism involving bromodomain-containing proteins". J Neurodev Disord. 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-4. PMID 23425632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Cuomo I, Kotzalidis GD, Caccia F, Danese E, Manfredi G, Girardi P (2013). "Citalopram-Associated Gambling: A Case Report". J Gambl Stud. doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9360-2. PMID 23385394. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Lazaratou H (2012). "[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or bipolar disorder in childhood?]". Psychiatrike (in Greek and Modern (1453-)). 23 (4): 304–13. PMID 23399752.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Sharma MP, Manjula M (2013). "Behavioural and psychological management of somatic symptom disorders: An overview". Int Rev Psychiatry. 25 (1): 116–24. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.746649. PMID 23383673. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Buysse DJ (2013). "Insomnia". JAMA. 309 (7): 706–16. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.193. PMID 23423416. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Alvarez-Del Arco D, Del Amo J, Garcia-Pina R; et al. (2013). "Violence in Adulthood and Mental Health: Gender and Immigrant Status". J Interpers Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260512475310. PMID 23422848. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Boyer L, Henry JM, Samuelian JC; et al. (2013). "Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents Admitted to a French Psychiatric Emergency Service". Emerg Med Int. 2013: 651530. doi:10.1155/2013/651530. PMID 23431454.

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