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==Overview==
==Overview==
The management of [[cutaneous]] and [[ocular]] manifestations of [[albinism]] include avoidance of prolonged sun exposure, periodic [[dermatologist]] evaluation for [[skin cancer]], corrective lenses for refractive errors, tinted lenses/glasses for [[photophobia]], bifocal or low-vision aids in older children, eye-patching in [[infants]] for reduction of [[strabismus]], contact lenses or eye surgery in presence of [[nystagmus]]. Additionally, nitisinone can be used to improve [[pigmentation]] in OCA1.


=== Sun protection ===
== Medical therapy==  
 
* Management of [[cutaneous]] features: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519018/ |title=Albinism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid31777350">{{cite journal| author=Marçon CR, Maia M| title=Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 503-520 | pmid=31777350 | doi=10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023 | pmc=6857599 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31777350  }} </ref>
It is vital that people with albinism use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight to prevent premature skin aging or [[skin cancer]]. This poses a problem for those who cannot afford [[sunscreen]], especially in regions with high exposure to sunlight, as in Africa. Special sun protective clothing and swimsuits are available and are a good alternative to excessive use of sunscreen.
** Avoidance of prolonged sun exposure
 
** Avoidance of [[medications]] that increase [[photosensitivity]]
Use of [[sunglasses]] and hats with wide brims can make the glare outside bearable. Other things that can help people with albinism are avoiding sudden changes of the lighting situation (switching the light on in complete darkness), using dimmable switches and adding tint to car windows or blinds to normal windows. Lights should be yellowish rather than blue and not point towards the usual position of a person with albinism (like their seat at a table). When possible, people with albinism generally prefer to have the light on their backs rather than face it.
** Upon [[sun]] exposure, application of [[sunscreen]] with at least SPF 30+ every 2 hours is recommended
 
** Periodic [[dermatologist]] evaluation is recommended for detection of [[skin cancer]]
===Vision aids===
** Nitisinone increases the level of [[tyrosine]] and improve pigmentation in OCA1
[[Glasses]] and other vision aids, [[large-print]] materials and [[closed captioning]], as well as bright but angled reading lights, can help individuals with albinism, even though their vision cannot be corrected completely.  Some albinistic people do well using [[bifocals]] (with a strong reading lens), prescription reading glasses, and/or hand-held devices such as magnifiers or monoculars.<ref name="Facts_Albinism"> {{cite web |url=http://albinism.med.umn.edu/facts.htm |title=Facts about Albinism}} |first=Richard |last=King}} </ref> [[Contact lenses]] may be colored to block light transmission through the <!--commenting out unexplained term for now: aniridic -->iris.  Some use bioptics, glasses which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses, so that they can look through either the regular lens or the telescope. Newer designs of bioptics use smaller light-weight lenses. Some US states allow the use of bioptic telescopes for driving motor vehicles. (See also NOAH bulletin "Low Vision Aids".)<!-- Link that. Where is it? --> 
* Management of [[ocular]] features:<ref name="pmid17980020">{{cite journal| author=Grønskov K, Ek J, Brondum-Nielsen K| title=Oculocutaneous albinism. | journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue=  | pages= 43 | pmid=17980020 | doi=10.1186/1750-1172-2-43 | pmc=2211462 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17980020  }} </ref>
 
** Refractive errors should be treated by [[corrective lenses]]
Although still disputed among the experts, many [[ophthalmology|ophthalmologists]] recommend the use of glasses from early childhood onward to allow the eyes the best development possible. 
** Tinted lenses/glasses can be used to reduce [[photophobia ]]
 
** Bifocal or low-vision aids can be used in older children and adults
[[Optometry|Optometrists]] or ophthalmologists who are experienced in working with [[low vision]] patients can recommend various optical aids. Clinics may provide these aids on trial loan, and provide instruction in their use. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afb.org/ |title=The American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> maintains a directory of low vision clinics.
** Eye-patching can be used in [[infants]] to reduce [[strabismus]]
** [[Contact lenses]] or [[eye]] surgery may be required in presence of [[nystagmus]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
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[[Category:Needs content]]
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Latest revision as of 15:18, 21 August 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

Overview

The management of cutaneous and ocular manifestations of albinism include avoidance of prolonged sun exposure, periodic dermatologist evaluation for skin cancer, corrective lenses for refractive errors, tinted lenses/glasses for photophobia, bifocal or low-vision aids in older children, eye-patching in infants for reduction of strabismus, contact lenses or eye surgery in presence of nystagmus. Additionally, nitisinone can be used to improve pigmentation in OCA1.

Medical therapy

References

  1. ↑ "Albinism - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf".
  2. ↑ Marçon CR, Maia M (2019). "Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors". An Bras Dermatol. 94 (5): 503–520. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023. PMC 6857599 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31777350.
  3. ↑ Grønskov K, Ek J, Brondum-Nielsen K (2007). "Oculocutaneous albinism". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2: 43. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-43. PMC 2211462. PMID 17980020.

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