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| {| border="3"
| | [[Syncope]] is classified into three types: |
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| | * [[Cardiac]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease Name}}
| | * [[Neurogenic]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Age of Onset}}
| | * [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Gender Preponderance}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Signs/Symptoms}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Imaging Feature(s)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Macroscopic Feature(s)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Microscopic Feature(s)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Laboratory Findings(s)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Other Feature(s)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| ECG view}}
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More common in the middle aged (30 - 50 years of age)
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Asymptomatic]] [[thyroid]] [[mass]] or [[nodule]]
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| *Compressive [[symptoms]], such as:
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| *[[Dysphagia|Difficulty swallowing]]/[[Dyspnea|breathing]]
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| *Persistent [[cough]]
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| *[[Stridor]]
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| *[[Vocal cord|Vocal chord]] [[paralysis]]
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| *Rapid enlarging [[mass]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * On [[ultrasound]]
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| ** [[Solitary]] [[mass]] with an irregular outline
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| ** Located in the sub-capsular region
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| ** High [[vascularity]]
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| | |
| *[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Solitary]] hypoechogenic [[nodule]] with [[Lobule|lobulated]] margin which may extend into adjacent [[tissues]]
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| *[[Calcification]] may be present or not
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Empty-appearing [[nuclei]] with central clearing (Orphan Annie eye)
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| *[[Psammoma body|Psammoma bodies]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Thyroid function test|Thyroid function tests]] can be normal | |
| *Serum [[thyroglobulin]] can be used as a [[tumor marker]] | |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * History of [[radiation]] to the [[head]] and [[neck]] | |
| *[[BRAF]] and/or [[RET gene|RET]] [[mutation]] may be present
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| *The most common type of thyroid cancer
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Image:Thyroid papillary carcinoma histopathology (3).jpg|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia commons ]]
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Peak [[incidence]] at 40 - 60 years of age
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Asymptomatic]] [[thyroid]] [[mass]] or [[nodule]]
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| *Compressive [[symptoms]], such as:
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| *[[Difficulty swallowing]]/[[Dyspnea|breathing]]
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| *Persistent [[cough]]
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| *[[Stridor]]
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| *[[Vocal cord|Vocal chord]] [[paralysis]]
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| *Rapid enlarging [[mass]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * On [[ultrasound]]:
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| **Solid hypoechoic [[nodule]] with a peripheral halo indicating [[fibrous capsule]]
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| **Irregular margin
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| *[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Single encapsulated [[nodule]]
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| * Thick and irregular [[capsule]]
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| * Can be [[cystic]] or [[hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] in appearance
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Invades [[thyroid]] [[capsule]] and [[vasculature]]
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| * Uniform [[Follicle|follicles]] <br />
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Thyroid function test|Thyroid function tests]] can be normal
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| * Serum [[thyroglobulin]] can be used as a [[tumor marker]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[RASA3|RAS]] [[mutation]] may be present
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| *[[PAX8]]-[[PPAR|PPARγ]] [[Translocation|translocations]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Image:Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma - Case 264.jpg|thumb|none|200px|Source:Wikimedia common ]]
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Medullary Thyroid Cancer<ref name="pmid20001718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sipos JA |title=Advances in ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer |journal=Thyroid |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1363–72 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20001718 |doi=10.1089/thy.2009.1608 |url=}}</ref>
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| | |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Incidence]] increases with age
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| * More common in the 3rd to 4th decades of life
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Both genders are affected equally
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Solitary]] [[thyroid nodule]]
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| * Mostly affects upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] of [[thyroid gland]]
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| * Possible [[systemic]] [[symptoms]] due to [[Hormone|hormonal]] [[secretion]] by the [[tumor]]
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| *[[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *On [[ultrasound]]:
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| **[[Solitary]] hypoechoic [[nodule]] with or without [[calcification]]
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| *[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Single non-encapsulated mass
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| * Gray-tan color
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Sheets of [[cells]] in an [[amyloid]] [[stroma]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Secretion|Secretes]] [[calcitonin]]
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| *Normal [[thyroid function test|thyroid function tests]]
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| *[[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] ([[CEA]]) may be used as a [[tumor marker]]
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| *Rarely negative for [[calcitonin]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Can be part of [[MEN syndromes|MEN 2A]] and [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2|2B syndrome]]
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| * Can be associated with [[RET gene|RET]] [[mutation]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More common among older individuals
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| *[[Mean]] age at [[diagnosis]] is 65 years
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Rapidly enlarging [[thyroid]] [[mass]]
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| * May manifest with compressive [[symptoms]]
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| *Can present with [[signs]]/[[symptoms]] of [[metastasis]]
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| *Constitutional [[symptoms]] may be present
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| *Hard [[Nodule (medicine)|nodular]] [[goiter]] without [[tenderness]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * On [[ultrasound]]:
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| ** Solid hypoechoic [[nodule]] with a peripheral halo indicating [[fibrous capsule]]
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| | |
| ** Irregular margin
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| *[[Imaging]] features are not characteristic of this [[cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Solid [[tumor]] with areas of [[necrosis]] and [[hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltrative]] pattern
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Undifferentiated, devastatingly aggressive variant of [[Papillary thyroid cancer|papillary]]/[[follicular thyroid cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Normal [[thyroid function test|thyroid function tests]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Poor [[prognosis]]
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| * May be associated with [[TP53]] [[mutation]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Follicular Adenoma
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects individuals older than 50 years of age
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Asymptomatic]] or [[symptoms]] of [[hyperthyroidism]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Solitary [[nodule]] which may show echogenicity or not
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Solitary, spherical, and encapsulated [[lesion]]
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| * Well demarcated from the surrounding [[parenchyma]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Uniform [[Follicle|follicles]]
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| * Absence of capsular or [[vascular]] invasion
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Functional [[adenoma]]:
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| ** Elevated T3, T4
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| ** Decreased TSH
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * May be considered functional or hot
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| * May be considered non-functional or cold
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| |-
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="left" |Multinodular Goiter
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More commonly affects women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Thyroid]] enlargement
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| *[[Signs]]/[[symptoms]] of [[Hypothyroidism|hypo]]/[[hyperthyroidism]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Multiple [[nodules]] with different echogenicity
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| *[[Calcification]] may be present
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Multiple [[Thyroid nodule|thyroid nodules]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Variable sized [[Follicle|follicles]]
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| * Some may show [[papillary]] [[Projection areas|projections]] without [[nuclear]] characteristics of [[papillary thyroid cancer]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Classification|Classified]] as toxic and non-toxic
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| **'''Toxic:''' [[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| **'''Non-toxic:''' Normal [[thyroid function test|thyroid function tests]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| *[[Benign]] [[condition]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |Thyroid Lymphoma
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| | |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Affects [[Adult|adults]] or elderly
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * More common among women
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Rapidly enlarging mass/[[nodule]] of [[thyroid]]
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| * Compressive [[symptoms]] may be present
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| * [[B symptoms|Constitiutional symptoms]] can be present in 10%
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| *[[Physical examination|P/E]]:Firm, hard [[thyroid]]
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| * Fixed to the nearby structures
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| * Immobile even during swallowing
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| * [[Cervical]] or [[supraclavicular]] [[lymphadenopathy]] may be present
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| | |
| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * On [[ultrasound]]:
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| **Hypoechogenic appearance
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| **Difficult to distinguish from [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[thyroiditis]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * [[Thyroid nodule]]/mass
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| *Fixed to adjacent [[tissue]]
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| *Firm texture
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * It is of [[B cell]] lineage in the majority of cases
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| * Dffuse, large [[B-cell lymphoma|B-cell lymphomas]] is the most common subtype
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| * [[Marginal zone lymphoma]] is the second most common type
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * No specific test
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| * Some [[Patient|patients]] may have [[hypothyroidism]]
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| *[[Patient|Patients]] can also have [[antibody|antibodies]] against [[thyroid peroxidase]] or [[thyroglobulin]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| * Preexisting [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis|autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis]] is a known [[risk factor]] for this [[condition]]
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
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| |}
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| <references />
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