Diabetes mellitus type 1 epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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{{Diabetes mellitus type 1}} | {{Diabetes mellitus type 1}} | ||
{{Diabetes mellitus}} | {{Diabetes mellitus}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}}{{Anahita}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Epidemiology and demographics of type 1 | [[Epidemiology]] and [[Demography|demographics]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] varies with [[geography]], [[age]], [[race]] and [[Genetics|genetic]] susceptibility. [[Incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] has been increased within the last decade and there are nearly 15-30 million of affected [[patient|patients]] around the world. Most [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] [[patient|patients]] are children and since it's [[incidence]] dwindles after puberty, only one fourth of [[patient|patients]] are diagnosed in their adulthood. The [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is related to race and ethnicity of [[patient|patients]]. For instance, studies demonstrated that Non-Hispanic white [[patient|patients]] have a higher [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] [[incidence]], compared to other races, whereas American Indians had the lowest [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] [[incidence]]. Finland has the highest [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in the world. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
=== Incidence === | === Incidence === | ||
Incidence of type 1 | * [[Incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] varies with [[geography]], [[age]], [[race]], and [[Genetics|genetic susceptibility]]. | ||
* [[Epidemiology]] and [[Demography|demographics]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] among children:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>http://www.diapedia.org/type-1-diabetes-mellitus/2104085168/epidemiology-of-type-1-diabetes</ref><ref>https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/DV_56-SI2.pdf</ref><ref>Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res 2002; 57 Suppl 1:1.</ref><ref>Harjutsalo V, Sund R, Knip M, Groop PH. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finland. JAMA 2013; 310:427.</ref><ref>Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer JW, et al. Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 Suppl 2:S102.</ref><ref>Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 2014; 311:1778.</ref><ref>Harjutsalo V, Sjöberg L, Tuomilehto J. Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study. Lancet 2008; 371:1777.</ref><ref>Tillil H, Köbberling J. Age-corrected empirical genetic risk estimates for first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. Diabetes 1987; 36:93.</ref> | |||
[[File:Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes .jpg|center|thumb|650x650px|New cases of type 1 diabetes(0-14 years per 100,000 children per year), 2011]] | [[File:Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes .jpg|center|thumb|650x650px|New cases of type 1 diabetes(0-14 years per 100,000 children per year), 2011]] | ||
* At a rate of 3-5% each year since 1960, the [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is increasing among children for not fully understood [[etiology|etiologies]].<ref name="KrzewskaBen-Skowronek2016">{{cite journal|last1=Krzewska|first1=Aleksandra|last2=Ben-Skowronek|first2=Iwona|title=Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2016|year=2016|pages=1–12|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2016/6219730}}</ref> Although it can be interpreted that environmental factors could be at least partially responsible, since [[genetics|genetic]] factors can not intervene in such a short time.<ref name="KnipSiljander2016">{{cite journal|last1=Knip|first1=Mikael|last2=Siljander|first2=Heli|title=The role of the intestinal microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=12|issue=3|year=2016|pages=154–167|issn=1759-5029|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2015.218}}</ref> | |||
* In one study, [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in youth of the United States reported 24.3 (95% [[confidence interval]] [[confidence interval|CI]], 23.3-25.3).<ref name="pmid17595272">{{cite journal| author=Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB, Imperatore G, Johansen JM | display-authors=etal| title=Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 24 | pages= 2716-24 | pmid=17595272 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.24.2716 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17595272 }} </ref> | |||
* Another study done in Belgium reported an [[average]] of 9.9 new cases of [[diabetes mellitus type 1]] per 100,000 individuals per year.<ref name="pmid11978678">{{cite journal| author=Weets I, De Leeuw IH, Du Caju MV, Rooman R, Keymeulen B, Mathieu C | display-authors=etal| title=The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0-39 years has not increased in Antwerp (Belgium) between 1989 and 2000: evidence for earlier disease manifestation. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2002 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 840-6 | pmid=11978678 | doi=10.2337/diacare.25.5.840 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11978678 }} </ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Factors affecting the incidence of type 1 | !Factors affecting the [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
!Relationship between factors and incidence of type 1 | !Relationship between factors and [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
!Epidemiology | ![[Epidemiology]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Geography | |Geography | ||
|Incidence | |[[Incidence]] elevates with increased distance from equator | ||
|Incidence of type 1 | |[[Incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] per 100,000 persons a year | ||
0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 persons in Venezula and parts of China | 0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 persons in Venezula and parts of China | ||
37 to 65 in Finland and Sardinia | 37 to 65 in Finland and Sardinia | ||
| Line 35: | Line 31: | ||
36 per 100,000 per year in Newfoundland, Canada | 36 per 100,000 per year in Newfoundland, Canada | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Gender | |Gender | ||
|Gender doesn't affect the overall incidence | |Gender doesn't affect the overall [[incidence]] of childhood [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
|The prevalence and incidence | |The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] doesn't vary with gender. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Genetic susceptibility | |[[genetics|Genetic]] susceptibility | ||
|There is increased risk of developing type 1 | |There is an increased risk of developing [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in close relatives of a [[patient]] with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
|'''Lifetime risk of developing Type 1 DM''' | |'''Lifetime risk of developing Type 1 DM''' | ||
●No family history – 0.4 percent | ●No [[family history]] – 0.4 percent | ||
●Offspring of an affected mother – 1 to 4 percent | ●Offspring of an affected mother – 1 to 4 percent | ||
| Line 55: | Line 47: | ||
●Offspring with both parents affected – reported as high as 30 percent | ●Offspring with both parents affected – reported as high as 30 percent | ||
●Non-twin sibling of affected patient – 3 to 6 percent | ●Non-twin sibling of affected [[patient]] – 3 to 6 percent | ||
●[[Dizygotic twins|Dizygotic twin]] – 8 percent | |||
●[[Monozygotic twins|Monozygotic twin]] – 30 percent within 10 years of diagnosis of the first twin, and 65 percent concordance by age 60 years | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Race | |Race | ||
|Incidence of type 1 | |[[Incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] varies from race to race | ||
|Non-Hispanic white youth-2.55 ases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old | |Non-Hispanic white youth-2.55 ases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old | ||
| Line 73: | Line 65: | ||
American Indians-0.35 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old, respectively) | American Indians-0.35 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old, respectively) | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Prevalence === | |||
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1 diabetes]] affects ~15-30 million people globally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jdrf.org/about/fact-sheets/type-1-diabetes-facts/|title=JDRF|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
* In 2012, Ada estimated the [[prevalence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in american children and adults at 1.25 million.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/?referrer=https://www.google.com/|title=ADA|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
* 5.6% of american adults diagnosed with [[diabetes mellitus]] have [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]].<ref name="XuLiu2018">{{cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Guifeng|last2=Liu|first2=Buyun|last3=Sun|first3=Yangbo|last4=Du|first4=Yang|last5=Snetselaar|first5=Linda G|last6=Hu|first6=Frank B|last7=Bao|first7=Wei|title=Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study|journal=BMJ|year=2018|pages=k1497|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.k1497}}</ref> | |||
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | |||
* The [[mortality rate]] among [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] patients was 2.2/1000, based on a study done on Norwegian [[patient|patients]] who were diagnosed between 1973 and 1982.<ref name="SkrivarhaugBangstad2005">{{cite journal|last1=Skrivarhaug|first1=T.|last2=Bangstad|first2=H.-J.|last3=Stene|first3=L. C.|last4=Sandvik|first4=L.|last5=Hanssen|first5=K. F.|last6=Joner|first6=G.|title=Long-term mortality in a nationwide cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients in Norway|journal=Diabetologia|volume=49|issue=2|year=2005|pages=298–305|issn=0012-186X|doi=10.1007/s00125-005-0082-6}}</ref> | |||
===Age=== | |||
* [[Bimodal|Bimodal distribution]], with one peak at four to six years of age and a second between 10 to 14 years of age. | |||
* More than 85% of [[patient|patients]] with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] are younger than 20 years old.<ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815 }} </ref> | |||
* A study done on European population demonstrated that recent [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] was highest among individuals younger than 4 years old.<ref name="pmid10752702">{{cite journal| author=| title=Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. EURODIAB ACE Study Group. | journal=Lancet | year= 2000 | volume= 355 | issue= 9207 | pages= 873-6 | pmid=10752702 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10752702 }} </ref> Nevertheless, [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] [[incidence]] wanes after puberty.<ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815 }} </ref> | |||
* Even though the overall [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] decreases after [[puberty]], one fourth of individuals with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] are diagnosed as adults.<ref name="pmid16301083">{{cite journal| author=Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz D| title=Type 1 diabetes mellitus: etiology, presentation, and management. | journal=Pediatr Clin North Am | year= 2005 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 1553-78 | pmid=16301083 | doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2005.07.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16301083 }} </ref> | |||
===Race=== | |||
* In one study done on young population of the united states, [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] were reported more frequent among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic and African Americans.<ref name="pmid17595272">{{cite journal| author=Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB, Imperatore G, Johansen JM | display-authors=etal| title=Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 24 | pages= 2716-24 | pmid=17595272 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.24.2716 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17595272 }} </ref> | |||
* The following table is a summary of association between different races and [[diabetes mellitus type 1]] [[incidence]] based on various age intervals:<ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815 }} </ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Race/Ethnicity | |||
!'''0–4 years''' | |||
!'''5–9 years''' | |||
!'''10–14 years''' | |||
!'''15–19 years''' | |||
|- | |||
|Non-Hispanic white | |||
|19.4 per 100,000 | |||
|30.1 per 100,000 | |||
|32.9 per 100,000 | |||
|11.9 per 100,000 | |||
|- | |||
|African American | |||
|12.0 per 100,000 | |||
|19.3 per 100,000 | |||
|21.3 per 100,000 | |||
|9.5 per 100,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Hispanic | |||
|10.2 per 100,000 | |||
|18.2 per 100,000 | |||
|18.4 per 100,000 | |||
|8.7 per 100,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Asian and Pacific Islander | |||
|5.2 per 100,000 | |||
|7.6 per 100,000 | |||
|9.1 per 100,000 | |||
|5.7 per 100,000 | |||
|- | |||
|Navajo | |||
|1.15 per 100,000 | |||
|3.28 per 100,000 | |||
|1.95 per 100,000 | |||
|4.03 per 100,000 | |||
|} | |||
===Gender=== | |||
* Some studies suggest that males are more commonly affected by [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] than females, although non-[[immunlogy|immunologic]] subtype of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is more common in females.<ref name="KyvikNystrom2004">{{cite journal|last1=Kyvik|first1=K. O.|last2=Nystrom|first2=L.|last3=Gorus|first3=F.|last4=Songini|first4=M.|last5=Oestman|first5=J.|last6=Castell|first6=C.|last7=Green|first7=A.|last8=Guyrus|first8=E.|last9=Ionescu-Tirgoviste|first9=C.|last10=McKinney|first10=P. A.|last11=Michalkova|first11=D.|last12=Ostrauskas|first12=R.|last13=Raymond|first13=N. T.|title=The epidemiology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not the same in young adults as in children|journal=Diabetologia|volume=47|issue=3|year=2004|pages=377–384|issn=0012-186X|doi=10.1007/s00125-004-1331-9}}</ref><ref name="Blohm�Nystr�m1992">{{cite journal|last1=Blohm�|first1=G.|last2=Nystr�m|first2=L.|last3=Arnqvist|first3=H. J.|last4=Lithner|first4=F.|last5=Littorin|first5=B.|last6=Olsson|first6=P. O.|last7=Scherst�n|first7=B.|last8=Wibell|first8=L.|last9=�stman|first9=J.|title=Male predominance of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in young adults: results from a 5-year prospective nationwide study of the 15?34-year age group in Sweden|journal=Diabetologia|volume=35|issue=1|year=1992|pages=56–62|issn=0012-186X|doi=10.1007/BF00400852}}</ref><ref name="Diaz-ValenciaBougnères2015">{{cite journal|last1=Diaz-Valencia|first1=Paula A|last2=Bougnères|first2=Pierre|last3=Valleron|first3=Alain-Jacques|title=Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=15|issue=1|year=2015|issn=1471-2458|doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1591-y}}</ref> On the other hand, another study suggests that both genders are equally affected.<ref name="SolteszPatterson2007">{{cite journal|last1=Soltesz|first1=G|last2=Patterson|first2=CC|last3=Dahlquist|first3=G|title=Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence ? what can we learn from epidemiology?|journal=Pediatric Diabetes|volume=8|issue=s6|year=2007|pages=6–14|issn=1399-543X|doi=10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00280.x}}</ref> | |||
* A study of Caucasian population demonstrated male to female ratio of 1.7 among [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA-DR3]] associated [[patient|patients]], whereas male to female ratio have been reported 1.0 among [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA-DR4]] associated [[patient|patients]].<ref name="CuccaGoy1998">{{cite journal|last1=Cucca|first1=Francesco|last2=Goy|first2=Juliet V.|last3=Kawaguchi|first3=Yoshihiko|last4=Esposito|first4=Laura|last5=Merriman|first5=Marilyn E.|last6=Wilson|first6=Amanda J.|last7=Cordell|first7=Heather J.|last8=Bain|first8=Stephen C.|last9=Todd|first9=John A.|title=A male-female bias in type 1 diabetes and linkage to chromosome Xp in MHC HLA-DR3-positive patients|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=19|issue=3|year=1998|pages=301–302|issn=1061-4036|doi=10.1038/995}}</ref> | |||
===Region=== | |||
[[ | * Finland has the highest [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in the world.<ref name="HyttinenKaprio2003">{{cite journal|last1=Hyttinen|first1=V.|last2=Kaprio|first2=J.|last3=Kinnunen|first3=L.|last4=Koskenvuo|first4=M.|last5=Tuomilehto|first5=J.|title=Genetic Liability of Type 1 Diabetes and the Onset Age Among 22,650 Young Finnish Twin Pairs: A Nationwide Follow-Up Study|journal=Diabetes|volume=52|issue=4|year=2003|pages=1052–1055|issn=0012-1797|doi=10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052}}</ref> | ||
[[ | * The following is the list of regions which had an increased [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] from 1990–1999:<ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815 }} </ref> | ||
[[ | ** Asia | ||
[[ | ** Europe | ||
** North America | |||
* The following is the list of regions which had a decreased [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] from 1990-1999:<ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815 }} </ref> | |||
** Central American | |||
** The West Indies | |||
* A study done on Gomel city population with [[radiation]] exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]].<ref name="ZalutskayaMokhort2004">{{cite journal|last1=Zalutskaya|first1=A.|last2=Mokhort|first2=T.|last3=Garmaev|first3=D.|last4=Bornstein|first4=S. R.|title=Did the Chernobyl incident cause an increase in Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children and adolescents?|journal=Diabetologia|volume=47|issue=1|year=2004|pages=147–148|issn=0012-186X|doi=10.1007/s00125-003-1271-9}}</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}}{{WH}} | {{Reflist|2}}{{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:31, 10 September 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[3]
Overview
Epidemiology and demographics of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies with geography, age, race and genetic susceptibility. Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus has been increased within the last decade and there are nearly 15-30 million of affected patients around the world. Most type 1 diabetes mellitus patients are children and since it's incidence dwindles after puberty, only one fourth of patients are diagnosed in their adulthood. The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is related to race and ethnicity of patients. For instance, studies demonstrated that Non-Hispanic white patients have a higher type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence, compared to other races, whereas American Indians had the lowest type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence. Finland has the highest incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the world.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies with geography, age, race, and genetic susceptibility.
- Epidemiology and demographics of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- At a rate of 3-5% each year since 1960, the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing among children for not fully understood etiologies.[11] Although it can be interpreted that environmental factors could be at least partially responsible, since genetic factors can not intervene in such a short time.[12]
- In one study, incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in youth of the United States reported 24.3 (95% confidence interval CI, 23.3-25.3).[13]
- Another study done in Belgium reported an average of 9.9 new cases of diabetes mellitus type 1 per 100,000 individuals per year.[14]
| Factors affecting the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus | Relationship between factors and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus | Epidemiology |
|---|---|---|
| Geography | Incidence elevates with increased distance from equator | Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus per 100,000 persons a year
0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 persons in Venezula and parts of China 37 to 65 in Finland and Sardinia 23.6 per 100,000 per year in non-Hispanic white children and adolescents 36 per 100,000 per year in Newfoundland, Canada |
| Gender | Gender doesn't affect the overall incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus | The prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus doesn't vary with gender. |
| Genetic susceptibility | There is an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus in close relatives of a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus | Lifetime risk of developing Type 1 DM
●No family history – 0.4 percent ●Offspring of an affected mother – 1 to 4 percent ●Offspring of an affected father – 3 to 8 percent ●Offspring with both parents affected – reported as high as 30 percent ●Non-twin sibling of affected patient – 3 to 6 percent ●Dizygotic twin – 8 percent ●Monozygotic twin – 30 percent within 10 years of diagnosis of the first twin, and 65 percent concordance by age 60 years |
| Race | Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies from race to race | Non-Hispanic white youth-2.55 ases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old
African American- 1.62 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old Hispanic-1.29 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old Asian-Pacific Islanders-0.6 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old American Indians-0.35 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old, respectively) |
Prevalence
- Type 1 diabetes affects ~15-30 million people globally.[1]
- In 2012, Ada estimated the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in american children and adults at 1.25 million.[2]
- 5.6% of american adults diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have type 1 diabetes mellitus.[15]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- The mortality rate among type 1 diabetes mellitus patients was 2.2/1000, based on a study done on Norwegian patients who were diagnosed between 1973 and 1982.[16]
Age
- Bimodal distribution, with one peak at four to six years of age and a second between 10 to 14 years of age.
- More than 85% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are younger than 20 years old.[17]
- A study done on European population demonstrated that recent incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus was highest among individuals younger than 4 years old.[18] Nevertheless, type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence wanes after puberty.[17]
- Even though the overall incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus decreases after puberty, one fourth of individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus are diagnosed as adults.[19]
Race
- In one study done on young population of the united states, type 1 diabetes mellitus were reported more frequent among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic and African Americans.[13]
- The following table is a summary of association between different races and diabetes mellitus type 1 incidence based on various age intervals:[17]
| Race/Ethnicity | 0–4 years | 5–9 years | 10–14 years | 15–19 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic white | 19.4 per 100,000 | 30.1 per 100,000 | 32.9 per 100,000 | 11.9 per 100,000 |
| African American | 12.0 per 100,000 | 19.3 per 100,000 | 21.3 per 100,000 | 9.5 per 100,000 |
| Hispanic | 10.2 per 100,000 | 18.2 per 100,000 | 18.4 per 100,000 | 8.7 per 100,000 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 5.2 per 100,000 | 7.6 per 100,000 | 9.1 per 100,000 | 5.7 per 100,000 |
| Navajo | 1.15 per 100,000 | 3.28 per 100,000 | 1.95 per 100,000 | 4.03 per 100,000 |
Gender
- Some studies suggest that males are more commonly affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus than females, although non-immunologic subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus is more common in females.[20][[#cite_note-Blohm�Nystr�m1992-21|[21]]][22] On the other hand, another study suggests that both genders are equally affected.[23]
- A study of Caucasian population demonstrated male to female ratio of 1.7 among HLA-DR3 associated patients, whereas male to female ratio have been reported 1.0 among HLA-DR4 associated patients.[24]
Region
- Finland has the highest incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the world.[25]
- The following is the list of regions which had an increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus from 1990–1999:[17]
- Asia
- Europe
- North America
- The following is the list of regions which had a decreased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus from 1990-1999:[17]
- Central American
- The West Indies
- A study done on Gomel city population with radiation exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.[26]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "JDRF".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "ADA".
- ↑ http://www.diapedia.org/type-1-diabetes-mellitus/2104085168/epidemiology-of-type-1-diabetes
- ↑ https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/DV_56-SI2.pdf
- ↑ Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res 2002; 57 Suppl 1:1.
- ↑ Harjutsalo V, Sund R, Knip M, Groop PH. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finland. JAMA 2013; 310:427.
- ↑ Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer JW, et al. Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 Suppl 2:S102.
- ↑ Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 2014; 311:1778.
- ↑ Harjutsalo V, Sjöberg L, Tuomilehto J. Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study. Lancet 2008; 371:1777.
- ↑ Tillil H, Köbberling J. Age-corrected empirical genetic risk estimates for first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. Diabetes 1987; 36:93.
- ↑ Krzewska, Aleksandra; Ben-Skowronek, Iwona (2016). "Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents". BioMed Research International. 2016: 1–12. doi:10.1155/2016/6219730. ISSN 2314-6133.
- ↑ Knip, Mikael; Siljander, Heli (2016). "The role of the intestinal microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 12 (3): 154–167. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.218. ISSN 1759-5029.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB, Imperatore G, Johansen JM; et al. (2007). "Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States". JAMA. 297 (24): 2716–24. doi:10.1001/jama.297.24.2716. PMID 17595272.
- ↑ Weets I, De Leeuw IH, Du Caju MV, Rooman R, Keymeulen B, Mathieu C; et al. (2002). "The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0-39 years has not increased in Antwerp (Belgium) between 1989 and 2000: evidence for earlier disease manifestation". Diabetes Care. 25 (5): 840–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.5.840. PMID 11978678.
- ↑ Xu, Guifeng; Liu, Buyun; Sun, Yangbo; Du, Yang; Snetselaar, Linda G; Hu, Frank B; Bao, Wei (2018). "Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study". BMJ: k1497. doi:10.1136/bmj.k1497. ISSN 0959-8138.
- ↑ Skrivarhaug, T.; Bangstad, H.-J.; Stene, L. C.; Sandvik, L.; Hanssen, K. F.; Joner, G. (2005). "Long-term mortality in a nationwide cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients in Norway". Diabetologia. 49 (2): 298–305. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0082-6. ISSN 0012-186X.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ (2010). "Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 39 (3): 481–97. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011. PMC 2925303. PMID 20723815.
- ↑ "Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. EURODIAB ACE Study Group". Lancet. 355 (9207): 873–6. 2000. PMID 10752702.
- ↑ Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz D (2005). "Type 1 diabetes mellitus: etiology, presentation, and management". Pediatr Clin North Am. 52 (6): 1553–78. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.07.006. PMID 16301083.
- ↑ Kyvik, K. O.; Nystrom, L.; Gorus, F.; Songini, M.; Oestman, J.; Castell, C.; Green, A.; Guyrus, E.; Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C.; McKinney, P. A.; Michalkova, D.; Ostrauskas, R.; Raymond, N. T. (2004). "The epidemiology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not the same in young adults as in children". Diabetologia. 47 (3): 377–384. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1331-9. ISSN 0012-186X.
- [[#cite_ref-Blohm�Nystr�m1992_21-0|↑]] Blohm�, G.; Nystr�m, L.; Arnqvist, H. J.; Lithner, F.; Littorin, B.; Olsson, P. O.; Scherst�n, B.; Wibell, L.; �stman, J. (1992). "Male predominance of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in young adults: results from a 5-year prospective nationwide study of the 15?34-year age group in Sweden". Diabetologia. 35 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1007/BF00400852. ISSN 0012-186X. replacement character in
|last2=at position 6 (help); replacement character in|last7=at position 8 (help); replacement character in|last9=at position 1 (help); replacement character in|last1=at position 6 (help) - ↑ Diaz-Valencia, Paula A; Bougnères, Pierre; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (2015). "Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review". BMC Public Health. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1591-y. ISSN 1471-2458.
- ↑ Soltesz, G; Patterson, CC; Dahlquist, G (2007). "Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence ? what can we learn from epidemiology?". Pediatric Diabetes. 8 (s6): 6–14. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00280.x. ISSN 1399-543X.
- ↑ Cucca, Francesco; Goy, Juliet V.; Kawaguchi, Yoshihiko; Esposito, Laura; Merriman, Marilyn E.; Wilson, Amanda J.; Cordell, Heather J.; Bain, Stephen C.; Todd, John A. (1998). "A male-female bias in type 1 diabetes and linkage to chromosome Xp in MHC HLA-DR3-positive patients". Nature Genetics. 19 (3): 301–302. doi:10.1038/995. ISSN 1061-4036.
- ↑ Hyttinen, V.; Kaprio, J.; Kinnunen, L.; Koskenvuo, M.; Tuomilehto, J. (2003). "Genetic Liability of Type 1 Diabetes and the Onset Age Among 22,650 Young Finnish Twin Pairs: A Nationwide Follow-Up Study". Diabetes. 52 (4): 1052–1055. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052. ISSN 0012-1797.
- ↑ Zalutskaya, A.; Mokhort, T.; Garmaev, D.; Bornstein, S. R. (2004). "Did the Chernobyl incident cause an increase in Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children and adolescents?". Diabetologia. 47 (1): 147–148. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1271-9. ISSN 0012-186X.