Mastoiditis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Mastoiditis}}
{{Mastoiditis}}


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==Overview==
==Overview==
Mastoiditis [[incidence]] is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries. Serious progressions appear more frequently in young children. After using [[pneumococcal]] [[vaccination]], the rate of acute [[otitis media]] and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising [[incidence]], which is connected to inadequate [[antibiotic]] dosing in [[otitis media]], choice of [[antibiotics]], and increasing [[resistance]] of bacteria. Acute mastoiditis is most common among children under two years of age.<ref name="pmid228322392">{{cite journal|year=2012|title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups|url=|journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.|volume=76|issue=10|pages=1494–500|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002|pmid=22832239|vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A}}</ref> Men and women are affected equally by mastoiditis. [[Otitis media]] and therefore mastoiditis are more prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Risk factors that may contribute to higher incidence in developing countries include exposure to [[HIV]], [[malnutrition]], a large proportion of children under 5 years in the population, and higher chance of water [[Contamination|contamination.]]


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


=== Incidence ===
=== Incidence ===
Mastoiditis incidence is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries. <ref name="pmid11852127">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P |title=Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=237–42 |year=2002 |pmid=11852127 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Mastoiditis [[incidence]] is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries.<ref name="pmid11852127">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P |title=Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=237–42 |year=2002 |pmid=11852127 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid118521272">{{cite journal|year=2002|title=Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study|url=|journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.|volume=62|issue=3|pages=237–42|doi=|pmid=11852127|vauthors=Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P}}</ref>  
Serious progressions appear more frequently in young children. The rising incidence is connected to restrained antibiotic therapy of AOM, inadequate dosing, choice of antibiotics, and increasing resistance of bacteria <ref name="pmid18304656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref>
Rapid disease progression appears to be more frequent in young children. After using [[pneumococcal]] [[vaccination]], the rate of acute [[otitis media]] and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising [[incidence]], which is connected to inadequate [[antibiotic]] dosing in [[otitis media]], choice of [[antibiotics]], and increasing [[resistance]] of bacteria.<ref name="pmid18304656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A |title=Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=629–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18304656 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Case Fatality Rate ===


=== Age ===
=== Age ===
* Acute mastoiditis is most common in children under two years of age. <ref name="pmid22832239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A |title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1494–500 |year=2012 |pmid=22832239 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>


Acute mastoiditis is most common in children under two years of age.<ref name="pmid22832239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A |title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1494–500 |year=2012 |pmid=22832239 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
* The most common ages affected are 6&#x2013;13 months because, during these ages, [[ear infections]] are common.<ref name="pmid22832239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A |title=Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1494–500 |year=2012 |pmid=22832239 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
 
 
* This section can describe the impact of the disease depending on the persons age, and the age-specific prevalence and incidence.
* The prevalence of ____ (insert disease state here) increases/decreases with age.
* _____ (insert acute disease) commonly affects _____ (insert age group).
* _____ (insert chronic disease) is usually first diagnosed among _____ (insert age group).


=== Gender ===
=== Gender ===
* ...males and women are affected equally by mastoiditis.
* Males and women are affected equally by mastoiditis.


=== Race ===
=== Race ===
* There is no racial predilection for ____ (insert disease name)
* There is no racial predilection for mastoiditis.
 
===Developing Countries===
=== Developed Countries ===
[[Otitis media]] and therefore mastoiditis is most prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.<ref name="pmid24453496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M |title=Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=15–24 |year=2014 |pmid=24453496 |pmc=3894142 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39637 |url=}}</ref>
* In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developed countries.
*The incidence of [[otitis media]] in the above countries is between two and eight times higher than the rest of the world.
* Incidence, prevalence, and geographical distribution or areas of interest can be mentioned, as well as the relevant impact the disease has on society.
The following risk factors are more prevalent in developing countries, correlated to the increase in [[otitis media]] [[incidence]]:<ref name="LowyZhang2014">{{cite journal|last1=Lowy|first1=Franklin D.|last2=Zhang|first2=Yan|last3=Xu|first3=Min|last4=Zhang|first4=Jin|last5=Zeng|first5=Lingxia|last6=Wang|first6=Yanfei|last7=Zheng|first7=Qing Yin|title=Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media–A Meta-Analysis|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=9|issue=1|year=2014|pages=e86397|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0086397}}</ref>
 
*Exposure to [[HIV]]
=== Developing Countries ===
*[[Malnutrition]]
* In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developing countries.
*Large proportion of children under 5 years old in population
 
*Higher chance of water [[contamination]]
In the United States and other developed countries, the [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of mastoiditis is quite low, around 0.004%, although it is higher in developing countries. The most common ages affected are 6&ndash;13 months, as it is during that age that ear infections are most common. Males and females are equally affected.
 
The characteristics of pediatric acute mastoiditis differed significantly between age groups. Acute mastoiditis was most common in children younger than two years of age. They showed more rapid progress of symptoms and more distinct signs of acute mastoiditis. This is probably the reason why parents rapidly seek medical care for small children and hospital treatment thus starts earlier in the youngest children, which may in turn explain the excellent outcome. This study showed that younger children have neither more severe acute mastoiditis nor more complications than older ones. The differences between age groups suggest that there are distinctions in the pathophysiology behind the onset and course of acute mastoiditis in younger and older children.
; AD
: Strama Skåne, Grynmalaregatan 1, Lund, Sweden. groth.medical@telia.com
; PMID
: 22832239
 
The incidence of acute mastoiditis in Colorado children <2 years of age exhibited a dynamic pattern from 1999 to 2008: a significant decline early after introduction of PCV7 that paralleled initial vaccine uptake, followed by an increase in subsequent years to pre-PCV7 levels. Replacement with non-PCV7 pneumococcal serotypes and increased pneumococcal antibiotic resistance may be responsible for the increase in incidence to pre-PCV7 rates. Surveillance of mastoiditis incidence, pathogen distribution and resistance patterns following introduction of 13-valent PCV is warranted. COLORADO
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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{{WH}}
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[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 22:39, 29 July 2020

Mastoiditis Microchapters

Home

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Mastoiditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

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Other Imaging Findings

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Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Mastoiditis incidence is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries. Serious progressions appear more frequently in young children. After using pneumococcal vaccination, the rate of acute otitis media and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising incidence, which is connected to inadequate antibiotic dosing in otitis media, choice of antibiotics, and increasing resistance of bacteria. Acute mastoiditis is most common among children under two years of age.[1] Men and women are affected equally by mastoiditis. Otitis media and therefore mastoiditis are more prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Risk factors that may contribute to higher incidence in developing countries include exposure to HIV, malnutrition, a large proportion of children under 5 years in the population, and higher chance of water contamination.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Mastoiditis incidence is 1.2–6.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in developed countries.[2][3] Rapid disease progression appears to be more frequent in young children. After using pneumococcal vaccination, the rate of acute otitis media and mastoiditis decreased dramatically. However, there is a concern about rising incidence, which is connected to inadequate antibiotic dosing in otitis media, choice of antibiotics, and increasing resistance of bacteria.[4]

Age

  • Acute mastoiditis is most common in children under two years of age. [5]
  • The most common ages affected are 6–13 months because, during these ages, ear infections are common.[5]

Gender

  • Males and women are affected equally by mastoiditis.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for mastoiditis.

Developing Countries

Otitis media and therefore mastoiditis is most prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.[6]

  • The incidence of otitis media in the above countries is between two and eight times higher than the rest of the world.

The following risk factors are more prevalent in developing countries, correlated to the increase in otitis media incidence:[7]

References

  1. ↑ Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
  2. ↑ Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P (2002). "Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 62 (3): 237–42. PMID 11852127.
  3. ↑ Vassbotn FS, Klausen OG, Lind O, Moller P (2002). "Acute mastoiditis in a Norwegian population: a 20 year retrospective study". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 62 (3): 237–42. PMID 11852127.
  4. ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
  6. ↑ Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). "Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
  7. ↑ Lowy, Franklin D.; Zhang, Yan; Xu, Min; Zhang, Jin; Zeng, Lingxia; Wang, Yanfei; Zheng, Qing Yin (2014). "Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media–A Meta-Analysis". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e86397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086397. ISSN 1932-6203.

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