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| {{Bronchogenic cyst}} | | {{Bronchogenic cyst}} |
| {{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{CZ}} | | {{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{JE}} |
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| {{SK}} Bronchial cyst | | {{SK}} Bronchial cyst |
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== |
| Bronchogenic cyst is a [[benign]] [[congenital malformation]] of the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]] derived from the ventral aspect of the [[foregut]]. It is most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of [[gestation]] or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation. Atypical locations may be explained by its embryologic origin.
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| Radiologic findings are useful to differentiate bronchogenic cysts from other cysts but may they not always confirm the diagnosis
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| There is currently no information on the historical perspective of bronchogenic cyst.
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]== |
| Bronchogenic cyst can be classified based on location as follows<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| 1. '''[[Pulmonary]]'''
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| A. [[Pleural cavity|Plural]]
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| i. [[Pleural cavity|Visceral]]
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| ii. [[Pleural cavity|Parietal]]
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| B. [[respiratory tract|Tracheobronchial tree]]
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| i. [[Vertebrate trachea|Paratracheal]]
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| ii. [[Vertebrate trachea|Carinal]]
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| iii. [[Hilum of lung|Hilar]]
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| 2. '''Extra-pulmonary'''
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| A. [[Skull|Cranial]]
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| B. [[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]]<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| C. [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]]
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| i. [[Esophagus|Esophageal]]<ref name="pmid23013612">{{cite journal| author=Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q | display-authors=etal| title=A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= | pages= 94 | pmid=23013612 | doi=10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | pmc=3599576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013612 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| ii. [[Heart|Cardiac]]
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| D. [[Abdomen|Abdominal]]
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| i. [[Peritoneum|Intraperitoneal]]
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| * [[Thoracic diaphragm|Dipgragmatic]]
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| * [[Stomach|Gastric]]
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| * [[Liver|Hepatic]]
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| ii. [[Peritoneum|Retroperitoneal]]
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| * [[Spinal cord|Spinal]]
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| - [[Spinal cord|Paraspinal]]
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| - [[Spinal cord|Intraspinal]]
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| * [[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]
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| E. [[Anus|Perianal]]
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| {{family tree/start}}{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Bronchogenic cyst}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | B01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B02| | | | | | | | |B01=Pulmonary|B02=Extra-pulmonary}}
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| {{family tree| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
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| {{family tree| | |C01| | | | | | | |C02| | | | | | |C03| |C06| |C04| | |C05| |C07| | | | | |C01=Plural|C02=Tracheobronchial tree|C03=Cranial|C04=Mediastinal|C05=Abdominal|C06=Cervical|C07=Perianal}}
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| {{family tree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |!|}}
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| {{family tree|D01| |D02| |D03| |D04| |D05| | | | | | | | |D06| |D07| |!| | | | | | |D01=Visceral|D02=Parietal|D03=Paratracheal|D04=Carinal|D05=Hilar|D06=esophageal|D07=Cardiac}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|.| | | | |}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | | |E01| | | | | | | | |E02| | |E01=Intraperitoneal|E02=Retroperitoneal}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F01| | |F02| |F03| |F04||F05| |F06|F01=Diphragmatic|F02=Gastric|F03=Hepatic|F04=Spinal|F05=Adrenal|F06=Pancreatic}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
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| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |G01| |G02| | |G01=Paraspinal|G02=Intraspinal}}
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| {{family tree/end}}
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| It is thought that bronchogenic cyst arises from abnormal budding of the ventral <ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> portion of the primitive [[foregut]],<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>destined to become the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> At such, it is always found in relation to the trachea or esophagus. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> If the connection is maintained, the cyst becomes intrapulmonary. <ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26002606">{{cite journal| author=Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A | display-authors=etal| title=Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 683-7 | pmid=26002606 | doi=10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26002606 }} </ref> This abnormally is thought to occur between days 26 - 40 of [[gestation]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
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| ==Gross pathology==
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| Bronchogenic cyst appear as single or multiple smooth spherical pink masses which may be unlobulated or [[lobulated]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> The lobules could be of various sizes, communicating or noncommunicating. The wall is relatively thin, although there may be thicker portions and is lined by clilated [[columnar epithelium]] which secretes a thick white to dirty brown mucoid material.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> Occassionally, secretions could be [[hemorrhagic]] or [[pneumatocele|pneumatic]].<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
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| ==Histopathology==
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| Bronchogenic cysts are usually lined by Ciliated pseudostratified [[columnar epithelium]] of respiratory type, leading to distention as a result of secretions produced within the cavity. Cyst wall may be composed of [[cartilage]], [[smooth muscle]], [[fibrous tissue]] and [[mucous glands]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15081229">{{cite journal| author=Mehta RP, Faquin WC, Cunningham MJ| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: a consideration in the differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical cystic masses. | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 68 | issue= 5 | pages= 563-8 | pmid=15081229 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.12.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15081229 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| ==[[Causes]]== | | ==[[Causes]]== |
| The cause of bronchogenic cysts is undetermined.
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]== | | ==[[Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]== |
| Cervical bronchogenic cysts are difficult to differentiate from other cystic cervical masses clinically because their location, radiologic findings, and evolution can imitate those of any other cervical mass.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref> Diagnostic confirmation is based on histologic findings which shows ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of respiratory type<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst Epidemiology and Demographics| Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| '''Natural History'''
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| '''Complication'''
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| *Tracheal ompression<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| * Cough<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref>
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| *Infection<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| *Hemoptysis<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref>
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| *Superior vena cava syndrome<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *Pneumothorax<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *Pleurisy<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *Pneumonia<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460 }} </ref>
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| *Lymphangiomas<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| *Haemorrhage<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| *Neoplasia(adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma)<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| *Rupture<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| '''Prognosis'''
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst Diagnostic Study of Choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst History and Symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Physical Examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Laboratory Findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst X-ray|X-ray]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Electrocardiography and ultrasound|Electrocardiography and ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cysts CT|CT]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other Diagnostic Studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| Clinical presentation of bronchogenic cyst depends on the age of the patient and the location involved.
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| *In children, [[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]] and [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]] bronchogenic cyst presents as [[respiratory distress]], increasing [[stridor]], feeding difficulties.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761 }} </ref>
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| *In adults, [[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]] and [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]] bronchogenic cyst presents with progressive dysphagia and dyspnea<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst physical examination | Physical Examination]] | |
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | |
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | |
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| An esophageal bronchogenic cyst is evidenced by [[esophagography]]
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst CT|CT]] | |
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| *CT scan shows encapsulated mass with no contrast enhancement.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | |
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | |
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| *A unilocular fluid-filled cystic mass<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | |
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| [[Bronchogenic cyst other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | |
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| *Biopsy - Definitive diagnosis is based on histological findings after excision of the cyst.<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst intervention|Intervention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| '''Surgery'''
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| Complete surgical resection is curative. Risk during surgery is usually low, and excision aids confirmation of the diagnosis. Percutaneous catheter drainage with sterile alcohol ablation has been used in selected high-risk patients, especially adults, but has no place in pediatric therapeutics.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| Surgery remains the best therapeutic option in children and is imperative when symptoms such as dyspnea or dysphagia as a result of compression of the trachea appear. After complete resection, recurrences have not been described.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
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| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
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| [[CME Category::Cardiology]] | | [[CME Category::Pulmonology]] |
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| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |