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| {{Hepatitis B}} | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{HIV coinfection with hepatitis b}} |
| | '''For main chapter on AIDS, click [[AIDS|here]]''' |
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| | '''For main chapter on HIV, click [[HIV|here]]''' |
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| | '''For main chapter on Hepatitis B, click [[Hepatitis B|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} [[User:Ujjwal Rastogi|Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS]] [mailto:urastogi@perfuse.org] | | {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} [[User:Ujjwal Rastogi|Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS]] [mailto:urastogi@perfuse.org] |
| ==Overview==
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| Co infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is common due to shared routes of transmission.
| | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| In areas of low endemicity, such as North America, Australia and Europe, HBV and HIV infection are usually acquired in adulthood through sexual or percutaneous transmission. In areas of low endemicity, the prevalence of chronic co infection is around 5-7% among HIV-infected individuals.<ref name="pmid16352363">{{cite journal |author=Alter MJ |title=Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=44 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S6–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16352363 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.004 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168-8278(05)00726-9 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> In countries with intermediate and high HBV endemicity, the main routes of transmission of HBV are perinatal or in early childhood; in these countries HBV co infection rates are 10-20%.<ref name="pmid18492625">{{cite journal |author=Lee HC, Ko NY, Lee NY, Chang CM, Ko WC |title=Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted disease among adults with recently diagnosed HIV infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000-2005: upsurge in hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users |journal=J. Formos. Med. Assoc. |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=404–11 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18492625 |doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60106-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0929-6646(08)60106-0 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid18555534">{{cite journal |author=Nyirenda M, Beadsworth MB, Stephany P, Hart CA, Hart IJ, Munthali C, Beeching NJ, Zijlstra EE |title=Prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C virus and coinfection with HIV in medical inpatients in Malawi |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=72–7 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18555534 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.05.004 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163-4453(08)00167-9 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid18551596">{{cite journal |author=Diop-Ndiaye H, Touré-Kane C, Etard JF, Lô G, Diaw P, Ngom-Gueye NF, Gueye PM, Ba-Fall K, Ndiaye I, Sow PS, Delaporte E, Mboup S |title=Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study) |journal=J. Med. Virol. |volume=80 |issue=8 |pages=1332–6 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18551596 |doi=10.1002/jmv.21236 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21236 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
| | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Natural History== | | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b differential diagnosis|Differentiating HIV coinfection with hepatitis b from other Diseases]]== |
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| The rate of progression and complications from viral hepatitis are accelerated in patients with HIV co infection.<ref name="pmid16964824">{{cite journal |author=Puoti M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Paraninfo G, Arici C, Moller NF, Lundgren JD, Ledergerber B, Rickenbach M, Suarez-Lozano I, Garrido M, Dabis F, Winnock M, Milazzo L, Gervais A, Raffi F, Gill J, Rockstroh J, Ourishi N, Mussini C, Castagna A, De Luca A, Monforte A |title=Impact of lamivudine on the risk of liver-related death in 2,041 HBsAg- and HIV-positive individuals: results from an inter-cohort analysis |journal=Antivir. Ther. (Lond.) |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=567–74 |year=2006 |pmid=16964824 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399813">{{cite journal |author=Thio CL |title=Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection |journal=Hepatology |volume=49 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S138–45 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19399813 |doi=10.1002/hep.22883 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22883 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> After acquiring HBV infection, HIV infected individuals are 6 times more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B than HIV negative individuals.<ref name="pmid2019762">{{cite journal |author=Bodsworth NJ, Cooper DA, Donovan B |title=The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=163 |issue=5 |pages=1138–40 |year=1991 |month=May |pmid=2019762 |doi= |url=http://www.jid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2019762 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid1825315">{{cite journal |author=Hadler SC, Judson FN, O'Malley PM, Altman NL, Penley K, Buchbinder S, Schable CA, Coleman PJ, Ostrow DN, Francis DP |title=Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=454–9 |year=1991 |month=March |pmid=1825315 |doi= |url=http://www.jid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1825315 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid10795602">{{cite journal |author=Gatanaga H, Yasuoka A, Kikuchi Y, Tachikawa N, Oka S |title=Influence of prior HIV-1 infection on the development of chronic hepatitis B infection |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=237–9 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10795602 |doi= |url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10096/bibs/0019003/00190237.htm |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> This was more
| | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| likely to occur in HIV infected men with lower CD4 cells. Decreased rates of clearance of HBeAg and increased HBV replication are also seen, with higher HBV DNA viral load.<ref name="pmid10094979">{{cite journal |author=Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, Martinot-Peignoux M, Pham BN, Auperin A, Degott C, Benhamou JP, Erlinger S, Valla D, Marcellin P |title=Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men |journal=Hepatology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1306–10 |year=1999 |month=April |pmid=10094979 |doi=10.1002/hep.510290447 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290447 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid9108941">{{cite journal |author=Gilson RJ, Hawkins AE, Beecham MR, Ross E, Waite J, Briggs M, McNally T, Kelly GE, Tedder RS, Weller IV |title=Interactions between HIV and hepatitis B virus in homosexual men: effects on the natural history of infection |journal=AIDS |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=597–606 |year=1997 |month=April |pmid=9108941 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0269-9370&volume=11&issue=5&spage=597 |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid3643160">{{cite journal |author=Krogsgaard K, Lindhardt BO, Nielson JO, Andersson P, Kryger P, Aldershvile J, Gerstoft J, Pedersen C |title=The influence of HTLV-III infection on the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in male homosexual HBsAg carriers |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |year=1987 |pmid=3643160 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> In addition, HIV infected individuals are more likely to lose previously developed protective anti-HBs antibody and develop acute hepatitis B infection; This risk is also associated with lower CD4 counts.<ref name="pmid3807959">{{cite journal |author=Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Hoofnagle J |title=Accelerated loss of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among immunodeficient homosexual men infected with HIV |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=316 |issue=10 |pages=630–1 |year=1987 |month=March |pmid=3807959 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198703053161015 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198703053161015?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid3146272">{{cite journal |author=Laukamm-Josten U, Müller O, Bienzle U, Feldmeier H, Uy A, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I |title=Decline of naturally acquired antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in HIV-1 infected homosexual men |journal=AIDS |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=400–1 |year=1988 |month=October |pmid=3146272 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref>
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| ===Complications=== | | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| Following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may occur which can lead to worsening liver disease including hepatic decompensation.
| | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b screening|Screening]]== |
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| ==Reference== | | ==[[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| {{reflist|2}}
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
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| | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| | ==Treatment== |
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| | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b prevention|Prevention]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[HIV coinfection with hepatitis b case study one|Case #1]] |
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| | ==Related Chapters== |
| | * [[Coinfection]] |
| | * [[AIDS]] |
| | * [[HIV disease]] |
| | * [[Hepatitis C with HIV coinfection]] |
| | * [[Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection]] |
| | * [[HIV and tuberculosis coinfection : drug interaction]] |
| | * [[HIV and pregnancy]] |
| | * [[Hepatitis]] |
| | * [[Jaundice]] |
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| [[Category:Hepatitis|B]]
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WS}} |