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| Congenital Toxoplasmosis
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| | {{CMG}}:{{AE}}{{DAMI}} |
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Roseola overview|Overview]]== |
| *In 1908, Nicolle and Manceaux described the parasite in the blood, spleen and liver of a North African rodent–gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi), due to its similar appearance as leishmania they named it Leishmania gondii
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| *In 1909, Nicolle and Manceaux renamed the parasite as T. gondii.
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| *In 1937, Sabin & Olitsky described that Toxoplasma was an obligate intracellular parasite and could be passed onto laboratory animals by intracranial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal inoculation of brain homogenates (The slurry of tissues and cells which results when cell structure has been mechanically disrupted). They have also suggested that ingestion of Toxoplasma contaminated tissue can result in Toxoplasmosis.
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| *In 1937 to 1940, Wolf and Cowen have described the autopsy findings of a 3 day old infant's brain with necrotic and granulomatous lesions. They have also reported that the mothers were asymptomatic but carried antibodies against Toxoplasma and the possibility of congenital transmission was expressed.
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| *In 1940, Pinkerton and Weinman reported the first fatal case of Toxoplasmosis in an adult.
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| *In 1948, Sabin and Feldman developed a serological test to identify infected individuals by using antibodies specific to Toxoplasma, called the Sabin Feldman Dye test.<ref name="pmid17744024">{{cite journal| author=Sabin AB, Feldman HA| title=Dyes as Microchemical Indicators of a New Immunity Phenomenon Affecting a Protozoon Parasite (Toxoplasma). | journal=Science | year= 1948 | volume= 108 | issue= 2815 | pages= 660-3 | pmid=17744024 | doi=10.1126/science.108.2815.660 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17744024 }} </ref> The serological test when used in large population studies showed a high proportion of humans and domestic animals carried antibodies against Toxoplasma. It showed the parasite had a frequent occurrence.
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| *In 1965, Desmonts described that ingestion of under-cooked and uncooked meat plays a role in the pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis.
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| *In 1970, Dubley described the life cycle of the parasite and established that the cats are the definitive hosts and any warm blooded animal can be an intermediate host.<ref name="pmid5467864">{{cite journal| author=Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK| title=Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii. | journal=J Parasitol | year= 1970 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 447-56 | pmid=5467864 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5467864 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4927658">{{cite journal| author=Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK| title=The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces. | journal=J Exp Med | year= 1970 | volume= 132 | issue= 4 | pages= 636-62 | pmid=4927658 | doi= | pmc=2138867 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4927658 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5359949">{{cite journal| author=Hutchison WM, Dunachie JF, Siim JC, Work K| title=Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1969 | volume= 4 | issue= 5686 | pages= 806 | pmid=5359949 | doi= | pmc=1630290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5359949 }} </ref>
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| ==Causes== | | ==[[Roseola historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==[[Roseola classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==Screening== | | ==[[Roseola pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==Demographics, Epidemiology== | | ==[[Roseola causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Natural History, Complications, Prognosis== | | ==[[Roseola differential diagnosis|Differentiating Any Disease from other Diseases]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==[[Roseola epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ===History and Symptoms=== | | ==[[Roseola risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ===Physical Examination=== | | ==[[Roseola screening|Screening]]== |
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| ===Laboratory Findings=== | | ==[[Roseola natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Roseola history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Roseola physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Roseola laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Roseola electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Roseola chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Roseola CT|CT]] | [[Roseola MRI|MRI]] | [[Roseola echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Roseola other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Roseola other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Roseola medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Roseola surgery|Surgery]] | [[Roseola primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Roseola secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Roseola cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Roseola future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| ===Medical Therapy=== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | | [[Roseola case study one|Case #1]] |
| ===Surgical Therapy===
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| ==Prevention==
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| ===Primary Prevention===
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| ===Secondary Prevention===
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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