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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Yersinia pestis]] |
| {{Yersinia pestis infection}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} Esther Lee, M.A.; {{Rim}}; {{JS}}
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| ==Overview==
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| ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' (''[[Y. pestis]]''), a rod-shaped [[facultative anaerobe]] with bipolar staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) causes the [[infection]] in mammals and humans.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Collins FM | title = Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ. of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1611 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> The bacteria maintain their existence in a cycle involving rodents and their fleas. The genus Yersinia is [[gram-negative]], bipolar staining coccobacilli, and, similarly to other [[Enterobacteriaceae]], it has a fermentative [[metabolism]]. ''Y. pestis'' produces an [[antiphagocytic]] slime. The organism is [[motile]] when isolated, but becomes nonmotile in the mammalian host.
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| ==Taxonomy==
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| [[Bacteria]]; [[Proteobacteria]]; [[Proteobacteria#Gammaproteobacteria|Gammaproteobacteria]]; [[Enterobacteriales]]; ''[[Yersinia]]''; [[Yersinia pestis]]
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| ==Biology==
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| {| style="float: right;"
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| | [[File:Yersinia pestis fluorescent.jpeg|200px|thumb|none|Yersinia pestis, Direct Fluorescent Antibody Stain (DFA), 200x Magnification <SMALL>Courtesy: ''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]]
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| | [[File:Yersinia2.jpg|200px|thumb|none|Photomicrograph of Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis, sometimes referred to as Bacillus pestis. <SMALL>Courtesy: ''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]]
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| [[Yersinia pestis]] is a [[motility|nonmotile]], non-[[spore]]-forming, [[Gram-negative]], non-[[lactose]] fermenting, ovoid and "safety-pin-shaped" (bipolar appearance when stained) [[bacillus]]. It is an [[enterobacteriaceae]] commonly measuring 0.75x1.5 μm. On [[cell culture]]s, it grows on sheep-blood agar, as grayish translucent colonies. It also grows on MacConkey and [[nutrient]]-rich broths.<ref name="Koirala2006">{{cite journal|last1=Koirala|first1=Janak|title=Plague: Disease, Management, and Recognition of Act of Terrorism|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=20|issue=2|year=2006|pages=273–287|issn=08915520|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2006.02.004}}</ref>
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| [[Yersinia pestis]] only survives for a few hours on physical surfaces, being very sensitive to high temperatures, sunlight and disinfectants.<ref name="Koirala2006">{{cite journal|last1=Koirala|first1=Janak|title=Plague: Disease, Management, and Recognition of Act of Terrorism|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=20|issue=2|year=2006|pages=273–287|issn=08915520|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2006.02.004}}</ref><ref name="pmid8993858">{{cite journal| author=Perry RD, Fetherston JD| title=Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1997 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 35-66 | pmid=8993858 | doi= | pmc=PMC172914 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8993858 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10852811">{{cite journal| author=Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ et al.| title=Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 1977-1998. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 893-900 | pmid=10852811 | doi=10.1086/313804 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10852811 }} </ref>
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| [[Yersinia pestis]] is thought to have evolved from [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]] about 1500 - 2000 years ago. According to its behavior towards [[nitrate]] and [[glycerol]], [[Yersinia pestis]] bay be classified as:<ref name="Koirala2006">{{cite journal|last1=Koirala|first1=Janak|title=Plague: Disease, Management, and Recognition of Act of Terrorism|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=20|issue=2|year=2006|pages=273–287|issn=08915520|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2006.02.004}}</ref> | |
| * ''Biovar Antiqua''
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| :* Nitrate reduction: positive
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| :* Glycerol reduction: positive
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| * ''Biovar Medievalis''
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| :* Nitrate reduction: negative
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| :* Glycerol use: positive
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| * ''Biovar Orientalis''
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| :* Nitrate reduction: positive
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| :* Glycerol use: negative
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| ===Genome===
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| The complete [[genome|genomic]] sequence is available for two of the three sub-species of [[yersinia pestis]]:
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| * Strain KIM - Biovar Medievalis<ref>{{cite journal | author = Deng W| title = Genome Sequence of Yersinia pestis KIM | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | year = 2002 | volume = 184 | issue = 16 | pages = 4601–4611 | doi= 10.1128/JB.184.16.4601-4611.2002 | pmid=12142430 | pmc = 135232 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Burland | first2 = V. | last3 = Plunkett Iii | first3 = G. | last4 = Boutin | first4 = A. | last5 = Mayhew | first5 = G. F. | last6 = Liss | first6 = P. | last7 = Perna | first7 = N. T. | last8 = Rose | first8 = D. J. | last9 = Mau | first9 = B.}}</ref>
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| * Strain CO92 - biovar Orientalis<ref>{{cite journal | author = Parkhill J| title = Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague | journal = Nature | year = 2001 | volume = 413 | issue = 6855| pages = 523–527 | doi = 10.1038/35097083 | pmid = 11586360 | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Wren | first2 = B. W. | last3 = Thomson | first3 = N. R. | last4 = Titball | first4 = R. W. | last5 = Holden | first5 = M. T. G. | last6 = Prentice | first6 = M. B. | last7 = Sebaihia | first7 = M. | last8 = James | first8 = K. D. | last9 = Churcher | first9 = C.}}</ref>
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| As of 2006, the [[genomic sequence]] of a [[strain]] of ''biovar Antiqua'' has been recently completed.<ref name="pmid16740952">{{cite journal |author=Chain PS |title=Complete Genome Sequence of Yersinia pestis Strains Antiqua and Nepal516: Evidence of Gene Reduction in an Emerging Pathogen |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=4453–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16740952 |doi=10.1128/JB.00124-06 |pmc=1482938 |author-separator=, |author2=Hu P |author3=Malfatti SA |display-authors=3 |last4=Radnedge |first4=L. |last5=Larimer |first5=F. |last6=Vergez |first6=L. M. |last7=Worsham |first7=P. |last8=Chu |first8=M. C. |last9=Andersen |first9=G. L.}}</ref> Similar to the other [[pathogenic]] [[strains]], there are signs of mutations causing loss of function. The [[chromosome]] of strain KIM is 4,600,755 base pairs long; the [[chromosome]] of strain CO92 is 4,653,728 base pairs long.
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| Similarly to other [[enterobacteriaceae]] ([[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]] and [[Yersinia enterocolitica|Yersinia enterocolitica]]), [[Yersinia pestis]] is host to the ''[[plasmid]] pCD1''. In addition, it also hosts two other [[plasmids]], ''pPCP1'' (also called pPla or pPst) and ''pMT1'' (also called pFra) that are not carried by the other Yersinia species.
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| * pFra codes for a [[phospholipase D]] that is important for the ability of [[Yersinia pestis]] to be transmitted by fleas.
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| * pPla codes for a [[protease]], Pla, that activates [[plasminogen]] in human hosts and is a very important [[virulence factor]] for pneumonic plague.<ref name="pmid17255510">{{cite journal| author=Lathem WW, Price PA, Miller VL, Goldman WE| title=A plasminogen-activating protease specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague. | journal=Science | year= 2007 | volume= 315 | issue= 5811 | pages= 509-13 | pmid=17255510 | doi=10.1126/science.1137195 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17255510 }} </ref>
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| Together, these [[plasmids]], and a [[pathogenicity island]] called HPI, encode several [[pathogenic]] [[proteins]], characteristic of [[Yersinia pestis]]. Among other things, these [[virulence factors]] are required of:
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| * [[Bacterial]] adhesion
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| * Injection of [[proteins]] into the host cell
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| * Invasion of the host cell (via a Type III secretion system)
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| * Acquisition and binding of [[iron]] from [[red blood cell]], via siderophores
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| A comprehensive and comparative [[proteomics]] analysis of [[Yersinia pestis]] strain KIM was performed in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hixson K| title = Biomarker candidate identification in Yersinia pestis using organism-wide semiquantitative proteomics | journal = Journal of Proteome Research | year = 2006 | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 3008–3017 | pmid = 16684765 | doi = 10.1021/pr060179y | author-separator = , | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Adkins | first2 = Joshua N. | last3 = Baker | first3 = Scott E. | last4 = Moore | first4 = Ronald J. | last5 = Chromy | first5 = Brett A. | last6 = Smith | first6 = Richard D. | last7 = McCutchen-Maloney | first7 = Sandra L. | last8 = Lipton | first8 = Mary S. | last9 = Heffron | first9 = F}}</ref> The analysis focused on the transition to a growth condition mimicking growth in host cells.
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| ==Tropism==
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| [[Yersinia pestis]] shows [[tropism]] for [[lymphoid tissue]].
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| ==Natural Reservoir==
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| Plague is primarily a disease of rodents. The [[infection]] is maintained in natural foci of the disease in wild rodent colonies, through [[transmission]] between rodents, by their flea ectoparasites.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Plague | url = http://www.cdc.gov/plague/healthcare/clinicians.html }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Dermatology]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Pulmonology]]
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| [[Category:Hematology]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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