User:Fbjon/templatetest
Human topics |
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| Anatomy · Appearance · Art · Behavior · Biology · Body · Civilization · Communication · Condition · Culture · Development · Evolution · Genetics · Health · Mind · Nature · Rights · Sexuality · Society · Technology |
Biological tissue | |
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| Animals | Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous |
| Plants | Dermal - Vascular - Ground |
Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage | |
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| Cartilage | perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis
cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte) types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous) |
| Bone | ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)
cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast) types (cancellous, cortical) regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis) structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow) shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) |
Bones of head and neck: the cranium of the skull | |||||||||||
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| Occipital |
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| Parietal | Parietal eminence - Temporal line - Parietal foramen | ||||||||||
| Frontal |
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| Temporal |
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| Sphenoid |
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| Ethmoid |
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Bones of head and neck: cranial sutures, fontanelles, and related regions | |
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| Cranial sutures | Cranial: Frontoethmoidal - Frontal or Metopic (Frontal/Frontal) - Coronal (Frontal/Parietal) - Occipitomastoid (Occipital/Temporal) - Lambdoid (Parietal/Temporal) - Sagittal (Parietal/Parietal) - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) - Sphenopetrosal (Sphenoid/Temporal) -Squamosal (Temporal/Parietal) - Petrosquamous (Temporal/Temporal)
Facial: Palatomaxillary suture Cranial-facial: Sphenozygomatic - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal |
| Fontanelles | Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle - Sphenoidal fontanelle - Mastoid fontanelle |
| Foramina of multiple bones | Inferior orbital fissure - Foramen lacerum - Jugular foramen - Nasolacrimal canal |
| Fossae | Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa - Cranial cavity |
| Other compound structures | Cranial: Asterion - Pterion - Calvaria - Stephanion - Bregma - Lambda
Facial: Nasion Cranial-facial: Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Temporal fossa - Infratemporal fossa - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa |
Bones of upper limbs | |
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| Pectoral girdle, clavicle | conoid tubercle - trapezoid line - costal tuberosity - subclavian groove |
| Scapula | fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) - suprascapular notch - glenoid cavity
tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) - spine of scapula - acromion - coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) - angles (superior, inferior, lateral) |
| Humerus | upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) - tubercles (greater, lesser) - intertubercular sulcus
body: radial sulcus - deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum - trochlea - epicondyles (lateral, medial) - supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) - fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) |
| Forearm | radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) - body - lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) - body - lower extremity (head, styloid process) |
| Hand | carpus: scaphoid - lunate - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate (hamulus)
metacarpus: 1st metacarpal - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal - intermediate - distal |
Bones of torso | |
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| Sternum | Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process |
| Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) |
| General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) |
| Cervical vertebrae | C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7
anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) |
| Lumbar vertebrae | accessory process, mammillary process, L5 |
| Sacrum | pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle |
Bones of lower limbs | |||||||
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| Femur | head of femur (fovea capitis femoris) · neck of femur · greater trochanter · trochanteric fossa · lesser trochanter · tubercle of the femur · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest · linea quadrata
body (linea aspera, third trochanter, pectineal line, adductor tubercle) lower extremity (lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface) | ||||||
| Tibia |
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| Fibula | head of fibula · body of fibula · lateral malleolus | ||||||
| Tarsus | calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral) | ||||||
| Metatarsus | 1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th | ||||||
| Other | patella · phalanges of the foot | ||||||
Bones of pelvis/pelvic cavity | |
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| General | sacrum, coccyx, hip bone |
| Ilium | Body (Arcuate line) Wing: gluteal lines (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior) - Fossa - iliac spines (Anterior superior, Anterior inferior, Posterior superior, Posterior inferior) - Crest - Tuberosity |
| Ischium | Body (Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch) - Superior ramus (Tuberosity of the ischium) - Inferior ramus |
| Pubis | Body - Superior ramus (Pubic tubercle, Pubic crest, Obturator crest) - Inferior ramus (Pectineal line) |
| Compound | Acetabulum (Acetabular notch) - Iliopubic eminence/Iliopectineal line - Linea terminalis - Ischiopubic ramus/Pubic arch
Obturator foramen - Greater sciatic foramen/Greater sciatic notch - Lesser sciatic foramen Lesser pelvis (Pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim, Pelvic outlet) - Greater pelvis |
Joints and ligaments of Head and Neck | |
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| Atlanto-axial | anterior atlantoaxial ligament - posterior atlantoaxial ligament - cruciform ligament of atlas (transverse ligament of the atlas) |
| Atlanto-occipital | anterior atlantoöccipital membrane - posterior atlantoöccipital membrane - tectorial membrane - alar ligament - ligament of apex dentis |
| Temporomandibular | capsule - temporomandibular ligament - sphenomandibular ligament - stylomandibular ligament - articular disk |
Joints and ligaments of upper limbs | |
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| Shoulder | sternoclavicular: anterior sternoclavicular - posterior sternoclavicular - interclavicular - costoclavicular
acromioclavicular: acromioclavicular - coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) - coracoacromial - superior transverse scapular - inferior transverse of scapula glenohumeral: coracohumeral - glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) - transverse humeral - glenoid labrum |
| Elbow | proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar: ulnar collateral - radial collateral - annular - oblique cord |
| Forearm | distal radioulnar: volar radioulnar - dorsal radioulnar wrist/radiocarpal: palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - ulnar collateral - radial collateral |
| Hand | intercarpal, midcarpal: pisohamate ligament - pisometacarpal ligament
carpometacarpal: dorsal carpometacarpal - palmar carpometacarpal intermetacarpal: deep transverse metacarpal - superficial transverse metacarpal metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal |
Joints and ligaments of torso | |
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| Vertebral column | articulations of vertebral bodies: anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus)
articulations of vertebral arches : ligamenta flava - supraspinous ligament (nuchal ligament) - interspinal ligament - intertransverse ligament zygapophysial joint |
| Costovertebral | articulation of head of rib: radiate ligament - interarticular ligament costotransverse |
| Sternocostal | interarticular sternocostal ligament - radiate sternocostal ligaments - costoxiphoid ligaments interchondral, costochondral |
| Pelvis | articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis: iliolumbar ligament
sacroiliac: anterior sacroiliac ligament - posterior sacroiliac ligament - interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament - sacrospinous ligament sacrococcygeal symphysis: anterior sacrococcygeal ligament - posterior sacrococcygeal ligament pubic symphysis: superior pubic ligament - inferior pubic ligament |
Joints and ligaments of lower limbs | |
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| Coxal/hip | iliofemoral - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral - head of femur - transverse acetabular |
| Knee-joint | patellar - popliteal (oblique, arcuate) - collateral (medial/tibial, lateral/fibular) - cruciate (anterior, posterior) - menisci (medial, lateral) |
| Tibiofibular | Superior tibiofibular: anterior of the head of the fibula - posterior of the head of the fibula Inferior tibiofibular: anterior of the lateral malleolus - posterior of the lateral malleolus |
| Talocrural/ankle | deltoid - external lateral of the ankle-joint (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular) |
| Foot - intertarsal | Subtalar/talocalcaneal: anterior talocalcaneal - posterior talocalcaneal - lateral talocalcaneal - medial talocalcaneal - interosseous talocalcaneal Talocalcaneonavicular: dorsal talonavicular |
| Foot - other | Cuneonavicular, Cuboideonavicular, Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid, Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc, Intermetatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, Interphalangeal Arches of the foot (Longitudinal, Transverse) Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments |
Muscular system | |
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| Topics | Muscular tissue • Muscle contraction • Muscles of the human body |
| Types of muscles | Cardiac muscle • Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle |
List of muscles of head and neck: the head | |||||||||
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| Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI) | oblique (inferior, superior) - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal) | ||||||||
| Mastication (CN V3) | masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial) | ||||||||
| Facial (CN VII) |
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| Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI) (except TVP=V3) |
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| Tongue (CN XII) | extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) | ||||||||
List of muscles of head and neck: the neck | |
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| Cervical | CN VII (superficial): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid |
| Suprahyoid | CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid - anterior belly of digastric
CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid - posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid |
| Infrahyoid/strap | C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid |
| Vertebral | C1-C6 (anterior): rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) - longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior) |
List of muscles of torso | |
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| BACK | splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii |
| SUBOCCIPITAL | rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) |
| CHEST | intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm |
| ABDOMEN | anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis
posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus cremaster |
| PELVIS/FLOOR | levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus |
| PERINEUM | anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus)
superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus) deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae) |
List of muscles of upper limbs | |
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| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae |
| THORACIC WALLS | pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior |
| SHOULDER | deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major |
| ARM | anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus |
| FOREARM | anterior compartment: superf. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis
anterior compartment: deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus posterior compartment: superf. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris posterior compartment: deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis |
| HAND | lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) - adductor pollicis
medial volar - hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) - palmaris brevis intermediate - lumbrical - interossei (dorsal, palmar) |
List of muscles of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS | psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus |
| BUTTOCKS | gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: piriformis - inferior gemellus - obturator internus - superior gemellus - quadratus femoris |
| THIGH | anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus medial compartment: pectineus - obturator externus - gracilis - adductor (longus, brevis, magnus) |
| LEG | anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius
posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris |
| FOOT | dorsal - extensor hallucis brevis - extensor digitorum brevis plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) plantar - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) plantar - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) plantar - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei) |
Cardiovascular system | |
|---|---|
| Systemic circulation | Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart |
| Pulmonary circulation | Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Heart |
Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart | |
|---|---|
| Structures | atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps |
| Regions | base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left) |
| Right heart | (vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation) |
| Left heart | (pulmonary veins) → left atrium (auricle) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation) |
| Layers | pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings) |
| Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers |
List of arteries of head and neck | |||||||||||||||||
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| CC/EC |
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| CC/IC |
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| SC |
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List of arteries of upper limbs | |
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| Axillary | scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex |
| Brachial | profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior) |
| Radial | forearm: radial recurrent
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger) |
| Ulnar | forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent)
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch |
| Arches | dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital)
superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal |
Arteries of torso - abdomen | |||||||
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| AA: Anterior |
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| AA: Posterior | visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal) – testicular/ovarianparietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA) | ||||||
| IIA: Anterior |
(superior vesical,
to ductus deferens) –
inferior vesical –
middle rectal –
uterine
(azygos of the vagina) –
vaginal –
obturator
(anterior branch,
posterior branch) –
internal pudendal
(inferior rectal,
perineal,
artery of the urethral bulb,
urethral,
deep artery of the penis,
dorsal artery of the penis) –
inferior gluteal
(accompanying of ischiadic nerve,
crucial anastomosis)
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| IIA: Posterior | |||||||
| EIA | |||||||
List of arteries of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| EI: Femoral | superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex
external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches) |
| Popliteal | sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral) |
| Anterior tibial | tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior)
anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral) |
| Posterior tibial | circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar |
| Arches | arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital |
Veins (emissary, jugular and others) and sinuses of head and neck (drainage patterns can vary) | |||||
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| to external jugular | retromandibular: maxillary • superficial temporal (anterior auricular) transverse cervical - suprascapular - anterior jugular (jugular venous arch) | ||||
| to internal jugular |
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| to vertebral vein | occipital (occipital) • suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical | ||||
| to brachiocephalic | inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal) - thymic | ||||
Veins of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| superficial - hand/forearm | Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular |
| superficial - arm | Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial |
| deep - hand/forearm | Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch |
| deep - arm | Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary |
Veins of the torso | |
|---|---|
| Coronary | coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary |
| Thorax/ SVC | brachiocephalic: inferior thyroid - thymic - internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - internal jugular - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric) - pericardiacophrenic azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic |
| Vertebral column | vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral |
| Abdomen/ IVC | to IVC on right and left: renal - hepatic - lumbar
to IVC on right, renal vein on left: inferior phrenic - suprarenal - ovarian/testicular (pampiniform plexus) to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal) |
| Pelvis/common iliac | external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein internal iliac: inferior gluteal - superior gluteal - median sacral vein - lateral sacral - obturator - internal pudendal (inferior rectal) - vesical venous plexus - prostatic venous plexus - deep of penis - vaginal venous plexus - uterine venous plexus - middle rectal - hemorrhoidal |
| Portal system/ portal vein | splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic)
superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular) direct (cystic, left gastric, right gastric, paraumbilical) |
| fetal | ductus venosus • umbilical |
Veins of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| thigh | femoral • profunda femoris • popliteal |
| deep leg | fibular • anterior tibial • posterior tibial |
| superficial leg | small saphenous • great saphenous (external pudendal, superficial of penis ♂/clitoris ♀) |
| foot | dorsal arch • dorsal metatarsal • dorsal digital • plantar arch • plantar metatarsal • common digital • plantar digital |
Nervous system | |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | Brain • Spinal cord |
| Autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic • Parasympathetic |
| Other | Peripheral nervous system • Somatic nervous system • Enteric nervous system • Sensory system |
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | |
|---|---|
| Myelencephalon/medulla | anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) |
| Metencephalon/pons | anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus |
| Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber |
| Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess |
Brain: mesencephalon (midbrain) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tectum (Dorsal) | Corpora quadrigemina: Inferior colliculi (Brachium of inferior colliculus), Superior colliculi (Brachium of superior colliculus) Subcommissural organ • Pretectum | ||||
| Peduncle (Ventral) |
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Brain: diencephalon | |
|---|---|
| Epithalamus | Pineal body • Habenula (Habenular nuclei) • Stria medullaris • Habenular trigone |
| Thalamus/nuclei | paired: AN • Ventral (VA/VL, VP/VPM/VPL) • Lateral (Pulvinar) • Metathalamus (MG, LG)
midline: MD • Intralaminar (Centromedian) • Midline nuclear group • Interthalamic adhesion • Medullary laminae surface: reticular tracts to thalamus: Mammillothalamic tract • Thalamic fasciculus • Lenticular fasciculus • Ansa lenticularis • Medial lemniscus • Trigeminal lemniscus • Spinothalamic tract • Lateral lemniscus |
| Hypothalamus | autonomic zones: Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) • Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
endocrine - posterior pituitary: magnocellular/Paraventricular/Supraoptic (oxytocin/vasopressin) endocrine - other: parvocellular/Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) • Preoptic (GnRH) • Suprachiasmatic (melatonin) emotion: Lateral (hunger) • Ventromedial (satiety) • Dorsomedial (rage) surface: Median eminence/Tuber cinereum • Mammillary body • Infundibulum tracts: Medial forebrain bundle Pituitary: (Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular) |
| Subthalamus | Subthalamic nucleus • Zona incerta |
Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres) | |
|---|---|
| Frontal lobe | Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4)
Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus/Broca's area (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis) Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47) Precentral sulcus - Superior frontal sulcus - Inferior frontal sulcus - Olfactory sulcus |
| Parietal lobe | Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m)
Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39) Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus |
| Occipital lobe | Primary visual cortex (17), (Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, Lateral occipital gyrus (18, 19)) Calcarine fissure |
| Temporal lobe | Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22/Wernicke's area), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20) Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36) |
| Cingulate cortex/gyrus | Subgenual area (25), Anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30) Callosal sulcus |
| Interlobar sulci/fissures | lateral: Central (frontal+parietal), Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal), Parietoöccipital medial: Medial longitudinal, Cingulate (frontal+cingulate), Collateral (temporal+occipital) |
| White matter tracts | Commissural fibers - Association fibers
Internal capsule (Anterior limb, Genu, Posterior limb), Corona radiata, External capsule, Lamina terminalis, Extreme capsule, Semioval center Olfactory tract, Terminal stria |
| Other | Insular cortex gray: Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus, Basal optic nucleus of Meynert, Substantia innominata, Anterior perforated substance Corpus striatum - Limbic lobe |
| Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. | |
Human brain: Limbic system | |
|---|---|
| Diencephalon | Hypothalamus · Mammillary body |
| Telencephalon: limbic lobe | Archicortex: Hippocampal formation (Hippocampus, Alveus of the hippocampus, Subiculum, Perforant path, Fimbria, Dentate gyrus) · Paraterminal gyrus · Supracallosal gyrus Cingulate gyrus · Parahippocampal gyrus · Uncus |
| Telencephalon: other | Amygdala · Nucleus accumbens · Orbitofrontal cortex septum: Septum pellucidum, Septal nuclei |
Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) | |
|---|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| olfactory (AON->I) | olfactory bulb - olfactory tract | ||||||||||
| optic (LGN->II) | optic chiasm - optic tract | ||||||||||
| oculomotor (ON,EWN->III) | superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch | ||||||||||
| trochlear (TN->IV) | no significant branches | ||||||||||
| trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V) | trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular | ||||||||||
| abducens (AN->VI) | no significant branches | ||||||||||
| facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII) |
| ||||||||||
| vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII) | cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion) | ||||||||||
| glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX) |
| ||||||||||
| vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X) |
| ||||||||||
| accessory (NA,SAN->XI) | cranial - spinal | ||||||||||
| hypoglossal (HN->XII) | lingual branches | ||||||||||
Anatomy of torso (primarily): the spinal cord | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spinal nerve | Dorsal (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) • Ventral (Root, Ramus) • Sympathetic trunk • rami communicantes (Gray, White) | ||||
| Gray matter/Rexed laminae | Posterior horn (Posteromarginal nucleus, Column of Clarke, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Nucleus proprius)
Lateral horn/Anterior horn (Intermediolateral nucleus) Central canal/Substantia gelatinosa centralis - Gray commissure | ||||
| White matter |
| ||||
| Layers | Epidural space • Dura mater • Subdural space • Arachnoid mater • Subarachnoid space • Pia mater | ||||
| Other structures | Denticulate ligaments • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Cervical enlargement • Lumbar enlargement
Anterior median fissure • Posterior median sulcus Anterior white commissure | ||||
Nerves: spinal nerves | |
|---|---|
| Cervical (8) | C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8
anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3) |
| Thoracic (12) | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
| Lumbar (5) | L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
| Sacral (5) | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
| Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4) | |
|---|---|
| superficial | C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular |
| deep | C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic |
Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1) | |
|---|---|
| Supraclavicular | root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius) |
| Infraclavicular: lateral cord | lateral pectoral
musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) |
| Infraclavicular: medial cord | medial pectoral
cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above |
| Infraclavicular: posterior cord | subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous) |
| Other | cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs |
Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lumbar plexus (L1-L4) | iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch
ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous) | ||||
| sacral plexus (L4-S4) |
| ||||
| coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) | pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ anococcygeal | ||||
| cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs | |||||
Nervous system: Sensory systems/sense | |
|---|---|
| Special senses | Visual system/Visual perception • Auditory system/Hearing • Chemoreception (Olfactory system/Olfaction • Gustatory system/Taste) |
| Somatosensory system | Nociception • Thermoreception • Vestibular system • Mechanoreception (Pressure, Vibration, Proprioception) |
| Other | Sensory receptor |
Sensory system - Visual system |
|---|
| Eye • Optic nerve • Optic chiasm • Optic tract • Lateral geniculate nucleus • Optic radiation • Visual cortex • Blobs |
Sensory system - Visual system - Eye | |
|---|---|
| Fibrous tunic (outer) | Conjunctiva • Sclera • Schlemm's canal • Trabecular meshwork • Limbus Cornea (Epithelium, Bowman's, Stroma, Descemet's, Endothelium) |
| Uvea (middle) | Choroid (Ciliary processes, Choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane) • Iris (Stroma) • Pupil • Ciliary body |
| Retina (inner) | Macula • Fovea • Optic disc |
| Anterior segment | Anterior chamber • Aqueous humour • Posterior chamber • Lens |
| Posterior segment | Vitreous humour • Zonule of Zinn |
| Intraocular muscles | parasympathetic (Ciliary muscle, Iris sphincter muscle) • sympathetic (Iris dilator muscle) |
Sensory system: Olfactory system/Olfaction |
|---|
| Olfactory bulb • Olfactory nerve • Olfactory epithelium • Glomeruli • Olfactory mucosa • Olfactory receptor neurons • Mitral cells • Piriform cortex |
| Rhinencephalon • Olfactory tract • Olfactory trigone |
Sensory system: Auditory and Vestibular systems | |
|---|---|
| Outer ear | pinna (Helix, Antihelix, Tragus, Antitragus, Earlobe) • Ear canal |
| Middle ear | Eardrum (Umbo) • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus & Stapes) • muscles (Stapedius, Tensor tympani) • Eustachian tube (Torus tubarius) |
| Inner ear/Labyrinth | Bony labyrinth (Vestibule) • Membranous labyrinth Oval window • Helicotrema • Round window Cochlea: Spiral ganglion • Modiolus • Cochlear duct/scala media (Endolymph, Stria vascularis, Spiral ligament, Organ of Corti) • Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani (Perilymph) Reissner's/vestibular membrane • Basilar membrane • Tectorial membrane Organ of Corti: Hair cells • Stereocilia • Sulcus spiralis (externus, internus) • Limbus spiralis |
| Vestibular system | Static/translations: Utricle (Macula) - Saccule (Macula, Endolymphatic sac, Endolymphatic duct) - Kinocilium - Otolith Kinetic/rotations: Semicircular canals (Superior, Posterior, Horizontal) • Cupula • Ampullae (Crista ampullaris) |
| Brain (auditory) | Cochlear nerve VIII → Cochlear nuclei → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → Medial geniculate nuclei → Primary auditory cortex |
Sensory system: Gustatory system | |
|---|---|
| Tongue | Taste bud (Circumvallate papillae, Filiform papilla, Fungiform papilla) • Foliate papillae |
| Other | Gustatory cortex • Basic tastes |
Nervous system, receptors: somatosensory system | |
|---|---|
| Medial lemniscus | Touch/mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscles - vibration • Meissner's corpuscles - light touch • Merkel's discs - pressure • Ruffini endings • Free nerve endings - pain • Hair cells • Baroreceptor Proprioception: Golgi organ - tension/length • Muscle spindle - velocity of change (Intrafusal muscle fiber • Nuclear chain fiber • Nuclear bag fiber) |
| Spinothalamic tract | |
Immune system: Lymphatic system (Lymph, Lymphocytes) | |
|---|---|
| Primary | Bone marrow – Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles) |
| Secondary: Spleen (process blood) | Hilum – Trabeculae
Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins |
| Secondary: Lymph nodes (process extracellular fluid) | Afferent lymph vessels - Cortical sinuses - Medullary sinuses - Efferent lymph vessels
T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center - Mantle zone - Marginal zone Lymph node capsule - Subcapsular sinus - Cortex - Paracortex - Medulla (Medullary cord) - Hilus Lymph node trabeculae |
| Secondary: MALT (process mucosa) | GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center |
Lymphatics of head and neck | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head |
| ||||
| Neck/Cervical | Superficial cervical: Superficial anterior cervical - Superficial lateral cervical
Deep cervical: Deep anterior cervical (Pretracheal, Paratracheal, Prelaryngeal, Thyroid) - Deep lateral cervical (Superior deep cervical, Inferior deep cervical, Retropharyngeal, Jugulodigastric, Jugulo-omohyoid) Anterior cervical - Lateral cervical Supraclavicular (Virchow's)Jugular trunk | ||||
| Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring | Palatine - Lingual - Pharyngeal - Tubal | ||||
Lymphatics of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| Axillary | brachial - pectoral axillary - subscapular axillary - central - apical subclavian trunk |
| Other | supratrochlear - deltopectoral |
Lymphatics of torso | |
|---|---|
| Chest | Right lymphatic duct - Thoracic duct (spans diaphragm) Bronchomediastinal trunk (Tracheobronchial, Parasternal) - Intercostal |
| Abdomen | Cisterna chyli
Lumbar trunk - lumbar/paraaortic: Retroaortic - Lateral aortic - iliac: Common (External, Internal, Sacral) Intestinal trunk - preaortic: Celiac (Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic) - Superior mesenteric (Mesenteric, Ileocolic, Mesocolic) - Inferior mesenteric (Pararectal) |
Lymphatics of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| Inguinal | Deep inguinal - Superficial inguinal |
| Other | Popliteal |
Anatomy: respiratory system |
|---|
| Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Lungs • Bronchi • Alveoli • Conducting zone • Respiratory zone |
Anatomy of torso, respiratory system: Lungs and related structures | |
|---|---|
| lungs | right • left • lingula • apex • base • root • cardiac notch • cardiac impression • hilum • borders (anterior, posterior, inferior) • surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • fissures (oblique, horizontal) |
| conducting zone | trachea (tracheal rings, carina) • bronchi • main bronchus (right, left) • lobar/secondary bronchi (eparterial bronchus) • segmental/tertiary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segment) • bronchiole • terminal bronchiole |
| respiratory zone | |
| pleurae | parietal pleura (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • visceral pleura • pulmonary ligament • recesses (costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic) • pleural cavity |
Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract | |
|---|---|
| Upper GI: to stomach | Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop |
| Upper GI: stomach | rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure |
| Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine: Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds)
Junction: Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix) |
| Lower GI: termination | Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line
Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle |
| Lower GI: lymph | GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells) |
Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Digestive glands | |
|---|---|
| Liver | by region: Left lobe (Caudate lobe, Quadrate lobe) • Right lobe • Transverse fissure of liver
by function: Fibrous capsule of Glisson • Hepatocyte • Space of Disse • Space of Mall • Kupffer cell • Liver sinusoid • Ito cell • Hepatic lobule bile ducts: Bile canaliculus • Canals of Hering • Interlobular bile ducts • Intrahepatic bile ducts • Left and Right hepatic ducts • Common hepatic duct |
| Gallbladder | by region: Body • Fundus • Neck ducts: Cystic duct |
| Pancreas | by region: Tail • Body • Head • Uncinate process
by function: Islets of Langerhans • Exocrine pancreas ducts: Pancreatic duct • Accessory pancreatic duct |
| Common | Common bile duct • Hepatopancreatic ampulla • Sphincter of Oddi |
Anatomy: urinary system | |
|---|---|
| Abdomen | Kidneys • Ureters • Orifice of ureter |
| Pelvis | Urinary bladder (Uvula, Trigone, Detrusor, Apex, Neck)
Urethral sphincters (External sphincter muscle of male urethra, External sphincter muscle of female urethra, Internal sphincter muscle of urethra) Urethra |
| Development | Development of the urinary and reproductive organs |
Urinary system - Kidney | |
|---|---|
| Layers | Renal fascia • Renal capsule • Renal cortex (Renal column) • Renal medulla (Renal sinus, Renal pyramids, medullary interstitium) • Renal lobe • Cortical lobule • Medullary ray • Nephron |
| Afferent circulation | Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radial arteries → Afferent arterioles → Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule) |
| Renal tubule | Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle (Descending, Thin ascending, Thick ascending) → Distal convoluted tubule → Connecting tubule → Collecting ducts → Duct of Bellini → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter |
| Efferent circulation | Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobar veins → Renal vein |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Macula densa • Juxtaglomerular cells • Extraglomerular mesangial cell |
| Filtration | Glomerular basement membrane • Podocyte • Filtration slits • Intraglomerular mesangial cell • Tubular fluid |
| Renal physiology | Acid base physiology • Fluid balance |
Male reproductive system | |
|---|---|
| Scrotum | layers (skin, Dartos, External spermatic fascia, Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia, Internal spermatic fascia) • Perineal raphe • Spermatic cord |
| Testes | layers (Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea, Tunica vasculosa testis) • Appendix • Mediastinum • Lobules • Septa • Leydig cell • Sertoli cell • Blood-testis barrier |
| Spermatogenesis | Spermatogonium • Spermatocytogenesis • Spermatocyte • Spermatidogenesis • Spermatid • Spermiogenesis • Spermatozoon |
| seminal tract | Seminiferous tubules (Tubuli seminiferi recti, Rete testis, Efferent ducts) • Epididymis (Appendix) • Vas deferens (Ampulla) • Ejaculatory duct |
| urinary tract | Internal urethral orifice • Urethra (Prostatic, Intermediate, Spongy, Navicular fossa) • External urethral orifice |
| accessory glands | Seminal vesicles (Excretory duct of seminal gland) • Prostate (Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct, Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts) • Bulbourethral glands |
| Penis | root (Crus, Bulb, Fundiform ligament, Suspensory ligament) • body (Corpus cavernosum, Corpus spongiosum) • glans (Foreskin, Frenulum, Corona) • fascia (superficial/subcutaneous, deep/Buck's) • Tunica albuginea - Septum of the penis |
Female reproductive system | |
|---|---|
| Follicles/Folliculogenesis | corpus (hemorrhagicum, luteum, albicans) • Theca folliculi (externa, interna) • Follicular antrum (Follicular fluid) • Corona radiata • Zona pellucida • Membrana granulosa (Granulosa cells) |
| Ovaries/Oogenesis | Germinal epithelium • Tunica albuginea • cortex (Cumulus oophorus, Stroma) • Medulla |
| Fallopian tubes | Isthmus • Ampulla • Infundibulum • Fimbria |
| Ligaments | Broad (components: Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium contents: Round of uterus, Proper of ovary) • Suspensory of ovary • Cardinal |
| Uterus | cervix/neck (External orifice - Canal of the cervix, Internal orifice) • corpus/body (Cavity of the body, Fundus) • layers (Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium) • Uterine horns |
| Vulva/mons pubis | Labium: commissures (Anterior • Posterior) • Frenulum labiorum pudendi • Labia majora • Cleft of venus • Labia minora • Vulval vestibule • interlabial sulci
Clitoris: Vestibular bulbs • Clitoral crura • Corpus cavernosa • Clitoral glans (Frenulum, Hood) Vagina: vestibular glands/ducts (Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts, Skene's glands/Skene's ducts) • Fossa of vestibule of vagina • Vaginal fornix • Hymen • Orifice |
| Vestiges | Wolffian (Gartner's duct, Epoophoron, Paroöphoron) • Canal of Nuck |
| Other | G-spot • Urethral sponge |
Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands | |
|---|---|
| Hypothalamic/pituitary axes | Adrenal axis: Adrenal gland
Thyroid axis: Thyroid gland (Parafollicular cell, Thyroid epithelial cell, Thyroid isthmus, Lobes of thyroid gland, Pyramid of thyroid) - Parathyroid gland (Oxyphil cell, Chief cell) Gonadal axis: Testes - Ovaries - Corpus luteum |
| Other | Pineal gland • Islets of pancreas |
Immune system / Immunology | |
|---|---|
| Systems | Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) • Intrinsic immune system |
| Antibodies and antigens | Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) |
| Immune cells | White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system |
| Immunity vs. tolerance | Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency |
| Immunogenetics | Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC / HLA |
| Substances | Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin |
| Other | Inflammation • Epitope (Hapten) • Cross-reactivity |
Integumentary system | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin layers | cutis: Epidermis (Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum/basale) • Dermis Subcutaneous tissue | ||||||||
| Skin appendages |
| ||||||||
Anatomy: meninges of the brain and medulla spinalis | |
|---|---|
| Layers | Dura mater (Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebelli, Diaphragma sellae)
Arachnoid mater (Arachnoid granulation) Pia mater |
| Spaces | Epidural space - Subdural space - Subarachnoid space (Cerebrospinal fluid) |
| Subarachnoid cisterns | Cisterna magna - Pontine cistern - Interpeduncular cistern - Chiasmatic - Lateral cerebral fossa - Of great cerebral vein |
General anatomy of head and neck - head | |
|---|---|
| Face/Occiput | Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin |
| External nose | Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands |
| Nasal cavity | Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus |
| Mouth/oral cavity | Lip • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe |
| Teeth | Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous |
| Tongue | Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue |
| Palate/roof of mouth | Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches (Palatoglossal, Palatopharyngeal) |
| Salivary glands | Parotid gland/Parotid duct • Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct • Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct |
| Other | fascia (Masseteric fascia, Temporal fascia, Galea aponeurotica) • Scalp |
General anatomy of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| Arm | Axilla • Axillary sheath • axillary folds (Anterior, Posterior)
spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval) • Clavipectoral triangle compartment of arm (Posterior, Anterior) fascia (Axillary, Brachial) - intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial) |
| Forearm | Cubital fossa (Bicipital aponeurosis) • Cubital tunnel • common tendons (Extensor, Flexor) • Interosseous membrane of the forearm
compartment of forearm (Posterior, Anterior) fascia (Antebrachial fascia) |
| Hand | posterior: Extensor retinaculum • Extensor expansion • Vincula tendina • Anatomical snuff box
anterior: Flexor retinaculum • Carpal tunnel • Palmar aponeurosis • Ulnar canal • Synovial sheath (Common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons]) Finger |
General anatomy of torso | |
|---|---|
| Thorax/ Thoracic cavity | Mediastinum (Superior, Anterior, Middle, Posterior) • Superior thoracic aperture • Inferior thoracic aperture • Triangle of auscultation • Intercostal space • Thoracic plane • Thoracic wall/Thoracic cage - fascia (Pectoral fascia, Clavipectoral fascia, Thoracolumbar fascia) • Chest • Midsternal line |
| Thoracic diaphragm | openings (Caval opening, Esophageal hiatus, Aortic hiatus, Foramina of Morgagni) • Central tendon • Crus of diaphragm • arcuate ligaments (Lateral, Medial, Median) |
| Abdomen/ Abdominal cavity | Retroperitoneum • Paracolic gutters • Hepatobiliary triangle
anterior abdominal wall (Arcuate line, Linea alba, Tendinous intersection, Linea semilunaris, McBurney's point, Traube's space, Inguinal triangle) • Inguinal canal (Deep inguinal ring, Superficial inguinal ring, Intercrural fibers, Crura of superficial inguinal ring) • Lumbar triangle • regions (Epigastrium, Hypochondrium, Umbilical region, Latus, Hypogastrium, Inguinal region) • planes (Transpyloric plane, Intertubercular plane, Midclavicular line) fascia (Fascia of Camper, Fascia of Scarpa, Transversalis fascia, Renal fascia, Rectus sheath) |
| Pelvis/ Pelvic cavity | Pelvic floor • Retropubic space fascia (Pelvic fascia, Superior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Inferior fascia of diaphragm of pelvis, Fascia of the Obturator internus, Tendinous arch, Iliac fascia, Iliopectineal fascia) |
| Perineum | Anal triangle (Ischioanal fossa, Pudendal canal, Anococcygeal raphe)
Urogenital triangle (Superficial perineal pouch, Deep perineal pouch) fascia (Dartos/fascia of perineum/superficial perineal fascia/Fascia of Colles, Perineal membrane/"Inferior fascia of UGD", "Superior fascia of UGD") |
General anatomy of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| Buttocks | Gluteal sulcus - Gluteal cleft |
| Thigh | Fascial compartments of thigh (Anterior, Medial, Posterior)
Inguinal ligament • Pectineal ligament • Lacunar ligament • Reflected inguinal ligament • Conjoint tendon • Interfoveolar ligament Obturator membrane/Obturator canal Femoral triangle • Femoral sheath (Femoral canal) • Femoral ring Adductor canal • Adductor hiatus fascia/fascia lata (Iliotibial tract, Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh, Medial intermuscular septum of thigh, Fascia cribrosa/Saphenous opening) |
| Crus (anatomic leg) | Popliteal fossa • Calf • Shin • Pes anserinus • Interosseous membrane of the leg
Fascial compartments of leg (Anterior, Lateral, Posterior) fascia/crural fascia (Anterior crural intermuscular septum, Posterior crural intermuscular septum, Transverse intermuscular septum) |
| Foot | Heel • Toe (Hallux, Fifth toe) • Sole • Achilles tendon • Tarsal tunnel retinacula (Peroneal, Inferior extensor, Superior extensor, Flexor) |
Table of Contents In Alphabetical Order | By Individual Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Drugs
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