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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753

Associate Editor: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

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Pharmacotherapy

	Cardiology Network
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v • d • e Circulatory system pathology (I, 390-459)
Hypertension	Hypertensive heart disease - Hypertensive nephropathy - Secondary hypertension (Renovascular hypertension)
Ischaemic heart disease	Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina) - Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - Dressler's syndrome
Pulmonary circulation	Pulmonary embolism - Cor pulmonale
Pericardium	Pericarditis - Pericardial effusion - Cardiac tamponade
Endocardium/heart valves	Endocarditis - mitral valve (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) - aortic valve (stenosis, insufficiency) - pulmonary valve (stenosis, insufficiency) - tricuspid valve (stenosis, insufficiency)
Myocardium	Myocarditis - Cardiomyopathy (Dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Loeffler endocarditis, Restrictive cardiomyopathy) - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Electrical conduction system of the heart	Heart block: AV block (First degree, Second degree, Third degree) - Bundle branch block (Left, Right) - Bifascicular block - Trifascicular block Pre-excitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine) - Long QT syndrome - Adams-Stokes syndrome - Cardiac arrest - Sudden cardiac death Arrhythmia: Paroxysmal tachycardia (Supraventricular, AV nodal reentrant, Ventricular) - Atrial flutter - Atrial fibrillation (Familial) - Ventricular fibrillation - Premature contraction (Atrial, Ventricular) - Ectopic pacemaker - Sick sinus syndrome
Other heart conditions	Heart failure - Cardiovascular disease - Cardiomegaly - Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right)
Cerebrovascular diseases	Stroke - Transient ischemic attack - Intracranial hemorrhage/cerebral hemorrhage: Extra-axial hemorrhage (Epidural hemorrhage, Subdural hemorrhage, Subarachnoid hemorrhage) Intra-axial hematoma (Intraventricular hemorrhages, Intraparenchymal hemorrhage) - Anterior spinal artery syndrome - Binswanger's disease - Moyamoya disease
Arteries, arterioles and capillaries	Atherosclerosis (Renal artery stenosis) - Aortic dissection/Aortic aneurysm (Abdominal aortic aneurysm) - Aneurysm - Raynaud's phenomenon/Raynaud's disease - Buerger's disease - Vasculitis/Arteritis (Aortitis) - Intermittent claudication - Arteriovenous fistula - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - Spider angioma - Dissection (Carotid artery, Vertebral artery)
Veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes	Thrombosis/Phlebitis/Thrombophlebitis (Deep vein thrombosis, May-Thurner syndrome, Portal vein thrombosis, Venous thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Renal vein thrombosis, Paget-Schroetter disease) - Varicose veins / Portacaval anastomosis (Hemorrhoid, Esophageal varices, Varicocele, Gastric varices, Caput medusae) - Superior vena cava syndrome - Lymph (Lymphadenitis, Lymphedema, Lymphangitis)
Other	Hypotension (Orthostatic hypotension) - Rheumatic fever
See also congenital (Q20-Q28, 745-747)

v • d • e Electrocardiography
Overview	History of the EKG • EKG interpretation basics • Normal sinus rhythm
EKG Complexes	P wave • QRS complex • ST Segment • T wave • U wave Osborn wave • H wave • K wave • Delta wave NSSTW changes
EKG Intervals	PR Interval • QRS Interval • ST Interval • QT Interval
Conduction System & Bradycardia	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Sinus bradycardia • First Degree AV Block • Second Degree AV Block • Complete or Third-Degree AV Block • Concealed conduction • AV Junctional Rhythms • LBBB • LAHB • LPHB • RBBB • Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias	Sinus tachycardia • Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) • Ectopic Atrial Rhythm • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) • Atrial Flutter • Atrial Fibrillation • Wandering atrial pacemaker
Ventricular Arrhythmias	Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex • Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm • Ventricular Parasystole • Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) • Ventricular tachycardia • Ventricular Fibrillation • Sudden cardiac death
EKG Abnormalities in Disease States	Hypertrophy & Dilatation • Right atrial enlargement • Left atrial enlargement • Biatrial enlargement • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy • Right Ventricular Hypertrophy • Biventricular Hypertrophy • Acute myocardial infarction • NSTEMI • STEMI • Right ventricular myocardial infarction • Atrial infarction Pre-excitation Syndromes • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome • Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome • Mahaim Type Preexcitation Cardiomyopathies • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia • Dilated Cardiomyopathy • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Drug Effects on the EKG • Adenosine • β-blockers • Digitalis • Quinidine • Procainamide • Disopyramide • Lidocaine • Tocainide and Mexiletine • Phenytoin • Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone • Amiodarone • Bretylium • Ca Channel Blockers • Phenothiazines • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Lithium Congenital Heart Disease • Dextrocardia • Atrial Septal Defect • Ventricular Septal Defect • Tetralogy of Fallot • Conjoined Twins or Siamese Twins • Congenital heart block Electrolyte Disturbances • Hyperkalemia • Hypokalemia • Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia • Nonspecific Changes Other Heart Diseases • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Tamponade • Heart Transplantation • Sick Sinus Syndrome • Long QT Syndrome Inherited Disease • Brugada Syndrome Systemic Diseases • CNS Disease • Cardiac Tumors Heart Transplantation • EKG Changes in patient with Heart Transplantation Exogenous Effects • Hypothermia • Chest Trauma • Insect Bites • Electric Injuries
Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation	Artifacts • Lead Placement Errors • The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker • EKG in athletes

The Living Guidelines: STEMI

Pharmacotherapy

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Aspirin [1]

CLASS I

CLASS IIa

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Clopidogrel [1]

CLASS I

CLASS IIa

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Warfarin [1]

CLASS I

Recommendations for Beta Blocker Therapy [1]

CLASS I

CLASS IIa

CLASS III

Recommendations for ACE Inhibitors Therapy

CLASS I

CLASS IIa

Recommendations for Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Therapy

CLASS I [1]

CLASS IIb [1]

Recommendations for Aldosterone Blockers Therapy

CLASS I [1]

Recommendations for Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

CLASS I [1]

CLASS IIa [1]

CLASS IIb [1]

Recommendations for Influenza Vaccination [1]

CLASS I

Reperfusion

Primary Invasive or Pharmacological Approach [1]

CLASS I

Facilitated PCI [1]

CLASS IIb

CLASS III

Immediate (or Emergency) Invasive Strategy and Rescue PCI [1]

Class I

Class IIa

Class IIb

Class III

PCI after Successful Fibrinolysis or for Patients not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion [1]

Class IIb

Class III

Anticoagulants as Ancillary Therapy [1]

Class I

Anticoagulants for STEMI patients who do not undergo reperfusion therapy [1]

Class IIa

Class III

Thienopyridines [1]

Class I

Class IIa

Reference

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

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Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Aspirin ^[1]

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Clopidogrel ^[1]

Recommendations for Antiplatelet Agents / Anticoagulants Therapy: Warfarin ^[1]

Recommendations for Beta Blocker Therapy ^[1]

CLASS I ^[1]

CLASS IIb ^[1]

CLASS I ^[1]

CLASS I ^[1]

CLASS IIa ^[1]

CLASS IIb ^[1]

Recommendations for Influenza Vaccination ^[1]

Primary Invasive or Pharmacological Approach ^[1]

Facilitated PCI ^[1]

Immediate (or Emergency) Invasive Strategy and Rescue PCI ^[1]

PCI after Successful Fibrinolysis or for Patients not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion ^[1]

Anticoagulants as Ancillary Therapy ^[1]

Anticoagulants for STEMI patients who do not undergo reperfusion therapy ^[1]

Thienopyridines ^[1]