Substitution (chemistry)
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Substitution in the context of organic chemistry has the general meaning of replacing an atom, a functional group, or a substituent in a molecule.
Substituted compounds
Substituted compounds are chemical compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms of a core structure have been replaced with a functional group like alkyl, hydroxy, or halogen.
Example
Benzene is a simple aromatic ring. Substituted benzenes are a heterogeneous group of chemicals with a wide spectrum of uses and properties:
- benzene C6H6
- toluene C6H5-CH3
- xylene C6H4(-CH3)2
- mesitylene C6H3(-CH3)3
- phenol C6H5-OH
- aniline C6H5-NH2
- chlorobenzene C6H5-Cl
- nitrobenzene C6H5-NO2
- benzoic acid C6H5-COOH
- picric acid C6H2(-OH)(-NO2)3
- trinitrotoluene C6H2(-CH3)(-NO2)3
- salicylic acid C6H4(-OH)(-COOH)
- acetylsalicylic acid C6H4(-O-C(=O)-CH3)(-COOH)
- paracetamol C6H4(-NH-C(=O)-CH3)(-OH)
- phenacetin C6H4(-NH-C(=O)-CH3)(-O-CH2-CH3)
Substitution reaction
A substitution reaction is a general type of organic reaction where one functional group or substituent in the reactant molecule is replaced by another. Common types of substitution reactions are:
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