Subdural empyema causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Anthony Gallo, B.S. [3]
Overview
Common causes of subdural empyema include Streptococci, Staphylococci, and other Gram-negative bacilli.[1] In children, the majority of cases of subdural empyema occur due to meningitis, while in adults the most common causes are sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, and trauma.[1][2]
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Subdural empyema is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes. Life-threatening conditions may result in mortality or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Adults
Intracranial subdural empyema [1][3][4]
The most common cause of subdural empyema in adults is the complication of an infection of the air sinuses: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary. The causative organisms of the empyema are similar to those causing the infection of the sinuses. Generally multiple organisms are present in the empyema, where anaerobes are almost always an important agent.[3][4] Common causative agents include:
Spinal Subdural Empyema [1][3]
Children
The most common cause of subdural empyema in children is occurs as a complication of meningitis. The agents isolated from the pus, are usually similar to the ones causing the meningitis.[3][5] Common causative agents include:
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Nontyphoidal Salmonella
Adults and Children
Common causative agents in trauma include:
- Coagulase negative strains of Staphylococcus
- Anaerobes
- Gram-negative microbes
Common causative agents in neurosurgical procedures include:
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical order
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Agrawal, Amit; Timothy, Jake; Pandit, Lekha; Shetty, Lathika; Shetty, J.P. (2007). "A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 15 (3): 149–153. doi:10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7. ISSN 1056-9103.
- ↑ Quraishi H, Zevallos JP (2006). "Subdural empyema as a complication of sinusitis in the pediatric population". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (9): 1581–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.04.007. PMID 16777239. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Greenlee JE (2003). "Subdural Empyema". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 5 (1): 13–22. PMID 12521560.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yoshikawa TT, Chow AW, Guze LB (1975). "Role of anaerobic bacteria in subdural empyema. Report of four cases and review of 327 cases from the English literature". Am J Med. 58 (1): 99–104. PMID 234678.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett, John E. (John Eugene); Dolin, Raphael. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-06839-9.