Paranasal sinus

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Paranasal sinus
Paranasal sinuses.
Lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses
Latin	sinus paranasales
Gray's	subject #223 998

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Most recent articles on Paranasal sinus Most cited articles on Paranasal sinus Review articles on Paranasal sinus Articles on Paranasal sinus in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
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Powerpoint slides on Paranasal sinus Images of Paranasal sinus Photos of Paranasal sinus Podcasts & MP3s on Paranasal sinus Videos on Paranasal sinus
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Paranasal sinus Bandolier on Paranasal sinus TRIP on Paranasal sinus
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Paranasal sinus at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Paranasal sinus Clinical Trials on Paranasal sinus at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Paranasal sinus NICE Guidance on Paranasal sinus NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Paranasal sinus CDC on Paranasal sinus
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Books on Paranasal sinus
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Paranasal sinus in the news Be alerted to news on Paranasal sinus News trends on Paranasal sinus
Commentary
Blogs on Paranasal sinus
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Definitions of Paranasal sinus
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Paranasal sinus Discussion groups on Paranasal sinus Patient Handouts on Paranasal sinus Directions to Hospitals Treating Paranasal sinus Risk calculators and risk factors for Paranasal sinus
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Paranasal sinus Causes & Risk Factors for Paranasal sinus Diagnostic studies for Paranasal sinus Treatment of Paranasal sinus
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CME Programs on Paranasal sinus
International
Paranasal sinus en Espanol Paranasal sinus en Francais
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List of terms related to Paranasal sinus

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Overview

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. Humans possess a number of paranasal sinuses, divided into subgroups that are named according to the bones within which the sinuses lie:

• the maxillary sinuses, also called the maxillary antra and the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones (cheek bones).
• the frontal sinuses, over the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead.
• the ethmoid sinuses, which are formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes.
• the sphenoid sinuses, in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skull base under the pituitary gland.

Development

Paranasal sinuses form developmentally through excavation of bone by air-filled sacs (pneumatic diverticula) from the nasal cavity. This process begins prenatally, and it continues through the course of an organism's lifetime.

Sinuses in animals

Paranasal sinuses occur in a variety of animals (including most mammals, birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and crocodilians). In non-humans, the bones occupied by sinuses are quite variable.

Biological function

The biological role of the sinuses is debated, but a number of possible functions have been proposed:

• Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face. The shape of the facial bones is important, as a point of origin and insertion for the muscles of facial expression.
• Increasing resonance of the voice.
• Providing a buffer against blows to the face.
• Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
• Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region

Ailments

For more details on this topic, see Sinusitis.

The paranasal sinuses are joined to the nasal cavity via small orifices called ostia. These become blocked relatively easily by allergic inflammation, or by swelling in the nasal lining which occurs with a cold. If this happens, normal drainage of mucus within the sinuses is disrupted, and sinusitis may occur.

These conditions may be treated by drugs such as pseudoephedrine, which reduce moisture in the sinuses, or by traditional techniques of nasal cleansing.

Malignancies of the paranasal sinuses comprise approximately 0.2% of all malignancies. About 80% of these malignancies arise in the maxillary sinus. Tumors of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are extremely rare.

Other sinuses

The paranasal sinuses are not the only sinuses within the skull; the mastoid cells in the mastoid bone around the middle ear are also a type of sinus.

Etymology

Sinus is a Latin word meaning a fold or pocket; in particular the front pocket in a toga.

References

External links

• Paranasal+sinuses at eMedicine Dictionary
• The Anatomy Wiz: CT Paranasal Sinuses

v • d • e General anatomy of head and neck - head
Face/Occiput	Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin
External nose	Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal)  • Olfactory glands
Nasal cavity	Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus
Mouth/oral cavity	Lip • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe
Teeth	Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar)  • Deciduous
Tongue	Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue
Palate/roof of mouth	Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches (Palatoglossal, Palatopharyngeal)
Salivary glands	Parotid gland/Parotid duct • Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct • Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct
Other	fascia (Masseteric fascia, Temporal fascia, Galea aponeurotica) • Scalp

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Paranasal sinus
Articles on Paranasal sinus	Most recent articles on Paranasal sinus • Most cited articles on Paranasal sinus • Review articles on Paranasal sinus • Articles on Paranasal sinus in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Paranasal sinus	Powerpoint slides on Paranasal sinus • Images of Paranasal sinus • Photos of Paranasal sinus • Podcasts & MP3s on Paranasal sinus • Videos on Paranasal sinus
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Paranasal sinus	Cochrane Collaboration on Paranasal sinus • Bandolier on Paranasal sinus • TRIP on Paranasal sinus
Cost Effectiveness of Paranasal sinus	Cost Effectiveness of Paranasal sinus
Clinical Trials Involving Paranasal sinus	Ongoing Trials on Paranasal sinus at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Paranasal sinus • Clinical Trials on Paranasal sinus at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Paranasal sinus	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Paranasal sinus • NICE Guidance on Paranasal sinus • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Paranasal sinus • CDC on Paranasal sinus
Textbook Information on Paranasal sinus	Books and Textbook Information on Paranasal sinus
Pharmacology Resources on Paranasal sinus	Dosing of Paranasal sinus • Drug interactions with Paranasal sinus • Side effects of Paranasal sinus • Allergic reactions to Paranasal sinus • Overdose information on Paranasal sinus • Carcinogenicity information on Paranasal sinus • Paranasal sinus in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Paranasal sinus •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Paranasal sinus	Genetics of Paranasal sinus • Pharmacogenomics of Paranasal sinus • Proteomics of Paranasal sinus
Newstories on Paranasal sinus	Paranasal sinus in the news • Be alerted to news on Paranasal sinus • News trends on Paranasal sinus
Commentary on Paranasal sinus	Blogs on Paranasal sinus
Patient Resources on Paranasal sinus	Patient resources on Paranasal sinus • Discussion groups on Paranasal sinus • Patient Handouts on Paranasal sinus • Directions to Hospitals Treating Paranasal sinus • Risk calculators and risk factors for Paranasal sinus
Healthcare Provider Resources on Paranasal sinus	Symptoms of Paranasal sinus • Causes & Risk Factors for Paranasal sinus • Diagnostic studies for Paranasal sinus • Treatment of Paranasal sinus
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Paranasal sinus	CME Programs on Paranasal sinus
International Resources on Paranasal sinus	Paranasal sinus en Espanol • Paranasal sinus en Francais
Business Resources on Paranasal sinus	Paranasal sinus in the Marketplace • Patents on Paranasal sinus
Informatics Resources on Paranasal sinus	List of terms related to Paranasal sinus

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