SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3), also known as proline-rich synapse-associated protein 2 (ProSAP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK3gene on chromosome 22.[1] Additional isoforms have been described for this gene but they have not yet been experimentally verified.
This gene is a member of the Shank gene family. The gene encodes a protein that contains 5 interaction domains or motifs including the ankyrin repeats domain (ANK), a src 3 domain (SH3), a proline-rich domain, a PDZ domain and a SAM (sterile α motif) domain[2]. Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density that connect neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and other membrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and G-protein-coupled signaling pathways. Shank proteins also play a role in synapse formation and dendritic spine maturation.[3]
Mouse models of SHANK3 include N-terminal knock-outs[7][8] and a PDZ domain knock-out[9] all of which also show social interaction deficits and variable other phenotypes. Most of these mice are homozygous knock-outs whereas all the human Shank3 mutations have been heterozygous.
In an inducible knockout, restoration of Shank3 expression in adult mice promoted dendritic spine growth and recovered normal grooming behaviour and voluntary social interaction.[10] However, the reduced locomotion, anxiety and rotarod deficits remained. Germline restoration of the gene's expression rescued all measured phenotypes. Experiments on different developmental windows suggested that early intervention was more effective in restoring behavioural traits.
Rat Models
A rat model of SHANK3 was developed using zinc finger nucleases targeting exon 6 of the ankyrin (ANK) repeat domain. The deletion (-68bp) resulted in reduction of the full length SHANK3a protein. It is unclear if the expression of other isoforms (b and c) of SHANK3 is affected in this rodent model. The shank3 mutant rats have deficits in long-term social recognition memory but not short-term social recognition memory as well as deficits in attention. These mutant also have impaired synaptic plasticity. In humans, 5 patients have been described harboring varying mutations in exon 6 of the SHANK3 protein.
↑Sheng M, Kim E (June 2000). "The Shank family of scaffold proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 113 ( Pt 11): 1851–6. PMID10806096.
↑Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Kreutz MR, Gundelfinger ED (June 2002). "ProSAP/Shank proteins - a family of higher order organizing molecules of the postsynaptic density with an emerging role in human neurological disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 81 (5): 903–10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00931.x. PMID12065602.
↑Sarasua SM, Dwivedi A, Boccuto L, Rollins JD, Chen CF, Rogers RC, Phelan K, DuPont BR, Collins JS (November 2011). "Association between deletion size and important phenotypes expands the genomic region of interest in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13 deletion syndrome)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 48 (11): 761–6. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100225. PMID21984749.
↑Simenson K, Õiglane-Shlik E, Teek R, Kuuse K, Õunap K (March 2014). "A patient with the classic features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and a high immunoglobulin E level caused by a cryptic interstitial 0.72-Mb deletion in the 22q13.2 region". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 164A (3): 806–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36358. PMID24375995.
↑Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, Park D, Sheng M, Kim E (May 2003). "The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21): 19220–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200. PMID12626503.
Shcheglovitov A, Shcheglovitova O, Yazawa M, Portmann T, Shu R, Sebastiano V, Krawisz A, Froehlich W, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer JF, Dolmetsch RE (November 2013). "SHANK3 and IGF1 restore synaptic deficits in neurons from 22q13 deletion syndrome patients". Nature. 503 (7475): 267–71. doi:10.1038/nature12618. PMID24132240.
Tu JC, Xiao B, Naisbitt S, Yuan JP, Petralia RS, Brakeman P, Doan A, Aakalu VK, Lanahan AA, Sheng M, Worley PF (July 1999). "Coupling of mGluR/Homer and PSD-95 complexes by the Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins". Neuron. 23 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80810-7. PMID10433269.
Sheng M, Kim E (June 2000). "The Shank family of scaffold proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 113 ( Pt 11) (11): 1851–6. PMID10806096.
Boeckers TM, Kreutz MR, Winter C, Zuschratter W, Smalla KH, Sanmarti-Vila L, Wex H, Langnaese K, Bockmann J, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED (August 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated protein-1/cortactin binding protein 1 (ProSAP1/CortBP1) is a PDZ-domain protein highly enriched in the postsynaptic density". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (15): 6506–18. PMID10414979.
Hirosawa M, Nagase T, Murahashi Y, Kikuno R, Ohara O (February 2001). "Identification of novel transcribed sequences on human chromosome 22 by expressed sequence tag mapping". DNA Research. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.1.1. PMID11258795.
Soltau M, Richter D, Kreienkamp HJ (December 2002). "The insulin receptor substrate IRSp53 links postsynaptic shank1 to the small G-protein cdc42". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 21 (4): 575–83. doi:10.1006/mcne.2002.1201. PMID12504591.
