Pulmonary embolism causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] The APEX Trial Investigators; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the acute obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombus, air, tumor, or fat. Most often, PE is due to a venous thrombus which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities, a process referred to as venous thromboembolism.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, dyslipidemia, embolism, fat, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, May-Thurner syndrome, Meadows syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Behcet's disease
Drug Side Effect Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi,axitinib, bevacizumab, clomifene, crizotinib, desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, epirubicin , Estropipate, Ethacrynic Acid, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, etonogestrel, fibrinogen,glucocorticoids, goserelin, hormone replacement therapy, idursulfase, interferon gamma, lenalidomide, letrozole, medroxyprogesterone, meropenem, oral contraceptives, ospemifene, palbociclib, pergolide, polidocanol, pramipexole, progesterone, romidepsin, tamoxifen, testosterone, thalidomide, toremifene, trametinib, transdermal contraceptive, vorinostat
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Polycystic ovary syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, Paget-Schroetter disease
Genetic Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency
Hematologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, embolism, essential thrombocythemia, essential thrombocytosis, factor V Leiden mutation, factor XII deficiency, familial dysfibrinogenemia, heparin cofactor II deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hyperviscosity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, polycythemia vera, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
Iatrogenic Cancer surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, presence of central venous catheter, vascular surgery
Infectious Disease Infection, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Bone fractures
Neurologic Corticobasal degeneration
Nutritional/Metabolic Dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic Amniotic fluid, antiphospholipid syndrome, hormone replacement therapy, Meadows syndrome, oral contraceptives, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy, transdermal contraceptive
Oncologic Cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, malignancy, pancreatic cancer, polycythemia vera, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Psychiatric Corticobasal degeneration, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Pulmonary Asthma, lung cancer, thrombosis
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal cell carcinoma
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, Hughes-Stovin syndrome, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A, rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Injury, intravenous drug use, surgery, trauma
Urologic Prostate cancer
Miscellaneous Cancer surgery, immobilization, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, renal transplantation, vascular surgery

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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