Protein microarray
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Overview
A protein microarray is a piece of glass on which different molecules of protein have been affixed at separate locations in an ordered manner thus forming a microscopic array. These are used to identify protein-protein interactions, to identify the substrates of protein kinases, or to identify the targets of biologically active small molecules. The most common protein microarray is the antibody microarray, where antibodies are spotted onto the protein chip and are used as capture molecules to detect proteins from cell lysate solutions.
Related microarray technologies also include DNA microarrays, Antibody microarrays, Tissue microarrays and Chemical Compound Microarrays.
Applications
Protein microarrays (also biochip, proteinchip) are measurement devices used in biomedical applications to determine the presence and/or amount (referred to as quantitation) of proteins in biological samples, e.g. blood. They have the potential to be an important tool for proteomics research. Usually a multitude of different capture agents, most frequently monoclonal antibodies, are deposited on a chip surface (glass or silicon) in a miniature array. This format is often also referred to as a microarray (a more general term for chip based biological measurement devices).
Types of chips
There are several types of protein chips, the most common being glass slide chips and nano-well arrays.
Production of protein arrays
The proteins can be externally synthesised, purified and attached to the array. Alternatively they can be synthesised in-situ and directly attached to the array.
The proteins can be synthesised through biosynthesis, cell-free DNA expression or chemical synthesis. In-situ synthesis is possible with the latter two. With cell-free DNA expression, proteins are attached to the support right after their production. Peptides chemically procured by solid phase peptide synthesis are already attached to the support. Selective deprotection is carried out through lithographic methods or by the so-called SPOT-synthesis.
Types of capture molecules
Capture molecules used are most commonly antibodies; however, more recently there has been a push towards other types of capture molecules which are more similar in their nature such as peptides or aptamers. Antibodies have several problems including the fact that there are not antibodies for most proteins and also problems with specificity in some commercial antibody preparations. Nevertheless, antibodies still represent the most well-characterized and effective protein capture agent for microarrays. Recently, nucleic acids, receptors, enzymes, and proteins have been spotted onto chips and used as capture molecules. This allows a vast variety of experiments to be conducted on protein-protein interactions, and all other protein binding substrates.
Detection methods
Although protein microarrays may use similar detection methods as DNA Microarrays, a problem is that protein concentrations in a biological sample may be many orders of magnitude different from that for mRNAs. Therefore, protein chip detection methods must have a much larger range of detection.
The preferred method of detection currently is fluorescence detection. Fluorescent detection is safe, sensitive, and can have a high resolution. The fluorescent detection method is compatible with standard microarray scanners, however some minor alterations to software may need to be made.
See also
- Antibody microarray
- Chemical Compound Microarray
- DNA microarray
- Tissue microarray
- MicroArray and Gene Expression (MAGE)
References
- Gavin MacBeath and Stuart L. Schreiber (8 September 2000) "Printing Proteins as Microarrays for High-Throughput Function Determination". Science 289 (5485), 1760-1763
- Richard B. Jones, Andrew Gordus, Jordan A. Krall, and Gavin MacBeath (12 January 2006) "A quantitative protein interaction network for the ErbB receptors using protein microarrays". Nature 439, 168-174. This gives an example of the applied use of protein microarrays.
External links
- 'Self Assembly Nature's Way to Do It' Freeview Video of a Royal Institution Discourse by Kuniaki Nagayama, Toyko University supplied by the Vega Science Trust.
- Principles of Protein Microarrays; Mark Schena
- Antigen Microarrays for Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases
- Biomarker Discovery using Protein Arraysde:Protein-Chip
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
