Trypanosome
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| Trypanosomes | ||||||||||||
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 Trypanosoma cruzi parasites
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Blastocrithidia |
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Overview
Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate or a plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans.
The most notable trypanosomal diseases are trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness and South American Chagas Disease); these are caused by species of Trypanosoma. Leishmaniasis is a trypanosomal disease caused by species of Leishmania.
A variety of different forms appear in the life-cycles of trypanosomes, distinguished mainly by the position of the flagellum:
| Amastigote (leishmanial) | - reduced or absent |
| Promastigote (leptomonad) | - anterior of nucleus, free from cell body |
| Epimastigote (crithidial) | - anterior of nucleus, connected by a short undulating membrane |
| Opisthomastigote (herpetomonad) | - posterior of nucleus, passing through a long groove in the cell |
| Trypomastigote (trypanosomal) | - posterior of nucleus, connected by a long undulating membrane |
All trypanosomes have at least amastigote and promastigote stages. Trypanosoma appears in all five forms, with the trypanosomal stage occurring in the vertebrate host. Trypanosoma brucei sub-species have two forms in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host, the rapidly dividing long-slender form and the non-dividing short stumpy form. The short stumpy parasites are adapted for uptake into the tsetse fly vector, and are non-proliferative in comparison with the slender forms.
Unique to Trypansoma brucei is the expression of a variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat on the cell surface, which undergoes constant variation in order to evade the humoral immune system and host antibodies. It is thought that recombination from a repertoire of >1000 VSG genes is responsible for the vast diversity of the parasite, and its effectiveness in immune evasion.
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
