Post-traumatic amnesia

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Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury.^[1] The person may be unable to state his or her name, where he or she is, and what time it is.^[1] When continuous memory returns, PTA is considered to have resolved.^[1] While PTA lasts, new events cannot be stored in the memory.^[1] About a third of patients with mild head injury are reported to have "islands of memory", in which the patient can recall only some events.^[1]

There are two types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia (loss of memories that were formed shortly before the injury) and anterograde amnesia (problems with creating new memories after the injury has taken place).^[1] Both retrograde and anterograde forms may be referred to as PTA,^[1] or the term may be used to refer only to anterograde amnesia.^[1]

Frequently the last symptom to ameliorate after a loss of consciousness,^[1] anterograde amnesia may not develop until hours after the injury.^[1] A common example in sports concussion is the quarterback who was able to conduct the complicated mental tasks of leading a football team after a concussion, but has no recollection the next day of the part of the game that took place after the injury. Retrograde amnesia sufferers may partially regain memory later, but memories are not regained with anterograde amnesia because they were not encoded properly.^[1]

Measure of TBI severity

Levels of TBI severity^[1]

	GCS	PTA	LOC
Mild	13 to 15	<1 hour	<30 minutes
Moderate	9 to 12	30 minutes to 24 hours	1 to 24 hours
Severe	<8	>1 day	>24 hours

PTA has been proposed to be the best measure of head trauma severity,^[1] but it may not be a reliable indicator of outcome.^[1] However, PTA duration may be linked to the likelihood that psychiatric and behavioral problems will occur as consequences of TBI.^[1]

Classification systems for determining the severity of TBI may use duration of PTA alone or with other factors such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) to divide TBI into categories of mild, moderate, and severe. One common system is shown in the table at right.

PTA is considered a hallmark of concussion,^[1] and is used as a measure of predicting its severity, for example in concussion grading scales. It may be more reliable for determining severity of concussion than GCS because the latter may not be sensitive enough; concussion sufferers often quickly regain a GCS score of 15.^[1]

Longer periods of amnesia or loss of consciousness immediately after the injury may indicate longer recovery times from residual symptoms from concussion.^[1] Increased duration of PTA is associated with a heightened risk for TBI complications such as post-traumatic epilepsy.^[1]

Assessment

Duration of PTA may be difficult to gauge accurately; it may be overestimated (for example, if the patient is asleep or under the influence of drugs or alcohol for part of the time) or underestimated (for example, if some memories come back before continuous memory is regained).^[1] The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) exists to determine how orientated a patient is and how much material they are able to recall.^[1]

References