Polyarthritis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Differential Diagnosis of Diseases That Cause Polyarthritis

Differentiating the diseases that can cause polyarthritis:

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with joint swelling, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with claudication, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with morning stiffness, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with local erythema, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with joint swelling and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of polyarthritis with joint swelling, fever, and weight loss, click here.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Joint Swelling Fever Weight loss Claudication Morning stiffness Local erythema Skin manifestation CBC ESR Synovial fluid Other X-ray CT scan Other
Polyarthritis Infectious arthritis Lyme disease[1] + + +/- +/- - - Erythema migrans Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia - Cell counts 500-98,000/µL Microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, ↑ALT or AST Knee joint effusion, erosion and permanent damage, enthesopathy - - Fibrosis of the deeper dermis and hyalinization of collagen bundles Serologic tests Third degree heart block
Bacterial endocarditis[2] + + + - - +/- Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, Roth spots Normochromic-normocytic anemia WBC, S. aureus in culture Hyperglobulinemia, Cryoglobulinemia Joint erosion and effusion - - Vegetation or intracardiac abscess demonstrating active endocarditis Echocardiography (TTE) Vertebral osteomyelitis
Postinfectious arthritis Rheumatic fever[3] + + - - - +/- Erythema marginatum rheumaticum Leukocytosis Sterile inflammatory reaction with cells < 20,000/μL Streptococcal antibody titer Cardiomegaly Valvular or pericardial calcification Echocardiographic changes in heart valves Edema, fibrinoid necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltrate Echocardiography Sydenham's chorea, carditis 
Reactive arthritis[4] +/- +/- - - - - Genital ulceration Normocytic normochromic anemia  High WBC count (10,000-40,000/µL)  HLA-B27 test  Periosteal reaction and proliferation of tendon insertion site Sacroiliitis Enthesitis in ultrasonography Keratoderma blennorrhagicum, balanitis circinata   Spondyloarthritis and unequivocal demonstration of preceding infection Conjunctivitis, uveitis
Enteric infection[5] - + - - - - Keratoderma and psoriaform lesions, erythema nodosum Neutrophilia PCR of causative organism Stool exam and culture - - - Neutrophilic infiltration in synovial tissues PCR of causative organism in synovial fluid Diarrhea, enthesopathy
Other seronegative spondyloarthritides Ankylosing spondylitis[6] + - +/- +/- + - Dactylitis (sausage digit) Normocytic normochromic anemia  High WBC count (lymphocyte predominance) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Bony erosions and sclerosis of the joints  Early sacroiliitis, erosions, and enthesitis Possible cauda equina syndrome secondary to spinal stenosis in MRI Chronic inflammation with CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages Plain x-rays Peripheral enthesitis, uveitis 
Psoriatic arthritis[7] + - - - - + Scaly erythematous plaques,

guttate lesions, lakes of pus,

Erythroderma

Normal High WBC count (5000-15,000/µL) with >50% of PMN leukocytes RF, ANA, IgA Joint-space narrowing, fluffy periostitis Pencil-in-cup deformity, early signs of synovitis Sacroiliitic synovitis, enthesitis in MRI Lack of intrasynovial Ig and RF, greater propensity for fibrous ankylosis, osseous resorption, and heterotopic bone formation Clinical findings Onycholysis, splinter hemorrhages
Inflammatory bowel disease[8] + + - - + +/- Pyoderma gangrenosum (ulcerative colitis), erythema nodosum (Crohn disease) Iron deficiency anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis Mild to moderate inflammatory fluid, PMN predominance RF, anti-endomysial Ab, anti-transglutaminase Ab Bilateral sacroiliitis, syndesmophytes and apophyseal joint involvement in spine - Early detection of spinal and sacroiliac lesions in MRI - Clinical findings and history Acute anterior uveitis
Rheumatoid arthritis[9] + - + + + - Rheumatoid nodules Anemia, thrombocytosis WBC count >2000/µL (generally 5000-50,000/µL), with neutrophil predominance (60-80%) Anti-CCP Ab, hyperuricemia Joint-space narrowing Microfractures Synovitis in MRI Influx of inflammatory cells into the synovial membrane, with angiogenesis Clinical findings coupled anti-CCP antibody Rheumatoid nodules
Crystal-induced arthritis[10] + +/- - - - + Joint erythema Leukocytosis Needle shaped urate crystals, WBC count > 2000/µL Urinary uric acid (>1100 mg in 24h) Punched-out erosions or lytic areas with overhanging edges  Complementary for recognizing erosions Tophi or edema in MRI Large pale pink acellular areas (urate crystals), surrounded by histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells Synovial fluid assay Conjunctival nodules
Systemic rheumatic illnesses Systemic lupus erythematosus[11] + - +/- - - + Malar rash, photosensitivity, discoid lupus Leukopenia, lymphopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia Cell count from < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory effusions) to > 50% PMNs (inflammatory effusions) Creatine kinase, LFT, ANA, anti-dsDNA Ab, Anti-Smith Ab, lupus anticoagulant Periarticular osteopenia and soft-tissue swelling without erosions Interstitial lung disease, pneumonitis, pulmonary emboli, alveolar hemorrhage Pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis on echocardiography Inflammatory infiltrates at the dermoepidermal junction and vacuolar change in the basal columnar cells Anti-dsDNA antibody Rheumatoid arthritis, serositis, oral ulcers
Systemic vasculitis[12] - - +/- + - - Petechia, purpura Anemia, thrombocytosis - P-ANCA, C-ANCA, ANA Soft tissue swelling with mild erosions Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage Multiple microaneurysms,hemorrhage due to focal ruptureocclusion in angiography Acute destruction of the media by neutrophils, with loss of elastic fibers Angiography Peripheral neuropathylivedo reticularis
Systemic sclerosis[13] - - +/- - - - 3 phases of skin manifestation: Edematous, indurative, and atrophic Thrombocytopenia Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory) Hypergammaglobulinemia,

Creatine phosphokinase

Juxta-articular osteoporosis, joint space narrowing, frank erosions Synovial inflammation Synovial vascularity in doppler ultrasonography Epidermal skin appendages atrophy, broad and hyalinized collagen fibers in the reticular dermis Histopathology Raynaud phenomenon, Tendon friction rubs
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis[14] - - +/- - - + Heliotrope rash, Gottron papules, poikiloderma Normocytic normochromic anemia Predominantly mononuclear cells and large macrophage-like cells Anti–Mi-2 antibodies, anti–Jo-1 antibodies, creatine kinase, ANA Marginal erosions and periarticular calcification - - Vacuolar changes of the columnar epithelium and lymphocytic infiltrates Muscle biopsy Dysphagia 
Still's disease[15] - - +/- - +/- + Mild papules and nodules Anemia, thrombocytosis High WBC count (5000-15,000/µL) with >50% of PMN leukocytes ANA, RF Soft tissue swelling,

osteopenia,

joint-space narrowing

Synovial inflammation Inflamed synovium in ultrasonography Inflammatory infiltration in synovium Clinical findings and synovial fluid analysis Ocular involvement
Behçet's syndrome[16] + - - - - - Erythema nodosum Normocytic normochromic anemia Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory) Serum complement levels, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51 Soft tissue swelling Non-erosive synovitis - Dermal vessels infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells, immune deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and C3 Clinical findings Oral ulcer, mucosal erosion
Relapsing polychondritis[17] + - - - - - - Leukocytosisanemia - Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory) CryoglobulinsANAC-ANCA Tracheal stenosis in CXR Calcification of cartilaginous structures Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography Chondrolysis, chondritis, Perichondritis Clinical findings coupled with imaging Ear pain and redness
Other systemic illnesses Sarcoidosis[18] + - - - - - Mild papules and nodules Mild anemia Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory)  IL-2 and IFN-γ, ↑ ACE, ↑ 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D Bilateral hilar adenopathy Active alveolitis or fibrosis Hepatosplenomegaly in ultrasonography Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs) Histological confirmation Heart blockocular lesion
Palindromic rheumatism[19] + - - +/- + - Rheumatoid nodules Anemia High WBC count (5000-15,000/µL) with >50% of PMN leukocytes RFAnti-CCP antibody, ↑Cr or BUN,

ALT and/or ASTANA

Effusions in joints Microfractures Basilar invagination with cranial migration of an eroded odontoid peg in MRI Influx of inflammatory cells into the synovial membrane, withangiogenesis, proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells Clinical findings coupled anti-CCP antibody Rheumatoid nodules
Familial Mediterranean fever[20] - + - - - - A well-demarcated, erythematous, warm rash, particularly below the knee Leukocytosis Cell counts as high as 100,000/µL CRP, amyloid A protein, fibrinogen Synovial effusions Pleural effusions Air-fluid levels in MRI Massive amyloid infiltration of the blood vessels and endothelial side of the glomerular basement membrane Clinical findings Abdominal pain, Severe myalgia, scrotal attacks
Hyperlipoproteinemias[21] - - - - - - Xanthelasma Leukocytosis Xanthochromic fluid with mononuclear cells predominance CRP, Hyperlipidemia Joint space narrowing Achilles tendon enthesitis Retrocalcaneal bursitis and ill-defined edema in posterosuperior corner of the calcaneus Inflammatory infiltration Laboratory findings Atherosclerosis
Polyarticular pain Viral arthritis Hepatitis B and C[22] - + + - - - Urticarial and maculopapular eruptions  Leukocytosis Cell counts < 100,000/µL LFT, HBsAg Joint space narrowing - - Deposition of immune complexes, cryoprecipitates containing HBsAg and complements HBsAg Liver failure, icterus
Rubella[23] - + +/- - - - Acute maculopapular rash Leukocytosis Rubella virus antigen LFT, CRP Joint space narrowing - - Proliferation of the synovial lining cells, without inflammatory

cells

Serological evidence Headache, malaise, mimics rheumatoid arthritis
Parvovirus[24] + + +/- - - - Fifth disease/ erythema infectiosum Aplastic crisis Normal ANA, RF, CRP Joint swelling - - Immune complex deposition Parvovirus IgM antibody Transient aplastic crisis, fetal infection
Fibromyalgia[25] - - - +/- +/- - Maculopapular rash Normal - Normal - - - - Mild inflammation Clinical findings Muscle pain
Soft tissue abnormalities + - - - - +/- Maculopapular rash Normal - Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory) CRP, Ca Joint swelling Synovial edema and thickness Mild joint effusion in ultrasonography Mild inflammation Clinical findings Mucositis, enthesitis
Hypothyroidism[26] - - - - - - Dry and coarse skin Anemia - Clear yellow fluid with normal cell counts TSH, T4, T3 Peri-articular demineralization Destructive changes in the cartilage and bone High-signal fluid in the joint space in MRI Physeal growth plate with little evidence of cartilage cellular proliferation TSH, T4, T3 Decreased DTR, fatigue
Neuropathic pain[27] - - - - - - Livedo reticularis Normal - Normal Hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia - - - - Neurologic examination Paresthesia, dysesthesia
Metabolic bone disease[28] - - - - - - Hyperpigmentation Mild anemia Cell count < 25% PMNs (non-inflammatory) Vitamin D, PTH Peri-articular demineralization Microfractures Subperiosteal reaction Decrease mineralization of bone matrix Laboratory findings Bone pain, constipation
Depression[29] - - + - - - - Normal - Normal Normal - - - - Psychological interview Slow psychomotor, muscle pain

References

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