Platelet-activating factor
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| Platelet-activating factor | |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| MeSH | |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C26H54NO7P |
| Molar mass | 523.683 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
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A platelet-activating factor, also known as a PAF, PAF-acether or AGEPC (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine) is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leucocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
It is produced in response to specific stimuli by a variety of cell types, including neutrophils, basophils, platelets, and endothelial cells.
Chemistry
Several molecular species of platelet-activating factor have been identified which vary in the length of the O-alkyl side chain.
- Its alkyl group is connected by an ether linkage at the C1 carbon to a sixteen carbon chain.
- The acyl group at the C2 carbon is an acetate unit (as opposed to a fatty acid) whose short length increases the solubility of PAF, allowing it to function as a soluble signal messenger.
- The C3 has a phosphocholine head group, just like standard phosphatidylcholine.
Function
It is an important mediator of bronchoconstriction.
It causes platelets to aggregate and blood vessels to dilate. At a concentration of 10^-12 M, PAF causes life threatening inflammation of the airways to induce asthma like symptoms.
Toxins such as fragments of destroyed bacteria induce the synthesis of PAF, which causes a drop in blood pressure and reduced volume of blood pumped by the heart, which leads to shock and maybe death.
History
It was discovered by French immunologist Jacques Benveniste in the early 1970s.[1][2] Its structure was elucidated by Constantinos A. Demopoulos in 1979.[3]
Biosynthesis and degradation
PAF is biosynthesized from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and acetyl CoA by the enzyme LPC acetyltransferase (LPCAT).
It is degraded (thereby terminating its capacity to act as a signaling molecule) by a group of enzymes called PAF acetylhydrolases (PAFAHs) which are related to phospholipase A2.
Antagonists
- SM-12502 is a PAF antagonist, which is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2A6. [4]
See also
References
- ↑ Benveniste J, Henson PM, Cochrane CG (1972). "Leukocyte-dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets. The role of IgE, basophils, and a platelet-activating factor". J. Exp. Med. 136 (6): 1356-77. PMID 4118412.
- ↑ Benveniste J (1974). "Platelet-activating factor, a new mediator of anaphylaxis and immune complex deposition from rabbit and human basophils". Nature 249 (457): 581-2. doi:10.1038/249581a0. PMID 4275800.
- ↑ Demopoulos CA, Pinckard RN, Hanahan DJ (1979). "Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators)". J. Biol. Chem. 254 (19): 9355-8. PMID 489536.
- ↑ Platelet-Activating Factor Antagonist, SM-12502, Attenuates ...
External links
Lipids: phospholipids | |
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| Glycerol backbone (Glycerophospholipids/ Phosphoglycerides) | Phosphatidyl-: -ethanolamine/cephalin - -choline/lechithin (dipalmitoyl-) - -serine - -glycerol - -inositol (glyco-)
phosphatidylinositol phosphates: PIP1 - PIP2 (3,4, 3,5, 4,5) - PIP3 Ether lipids: Plasmalogen (Platelet-activating factor) |
| Sphingosine backbone | Sphingomyelin |
Autacoids |
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| Angiotensin - Eicosanoid - Histamine - Kinin - Platelet-activating factor - Serotonin |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
