High density lipoprotein causes

	High Density Lipoprotein Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

High density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered "good cholesterol" as its levels are inversely proportional to CAD. It is regarded as a positive cardiac risk factor if the levels are below 35 mg/dL or total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 5.0 (in men) or total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 4.5 (in women). When the levels are above 60 mg/dL it is considered a negative cardiac risk factor.

Causes

Causes of Low HDL

Apolipoprotein deficiency: Hypoalphalipoproteinemia can be of three types.

Impaired synthesis of apo A-I: Apo A-I deficiency, Apo A-I/C-III deficiency, Apo A-I structural variants
Increased catabolism: Familial HDL deficiency or Tangier disease
Enzymatic changes: genetic, reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase, elevated liver triglyceride lipase activity, LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase) deficiency

Liver disease
Menopause^[7]
Obesity:High BMI is strongly associated with low serum HDl levels^[4]
Puberty in males
Uremia^[8] ^[9]
Familial combined hypolipidemia^[10]
Elevated CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) activity: Polymorphism of the gene TaqIB (CETP gene) is known to be associated with variations in the plasma concentrations of CETP. A gene variant called TaqIB1 is associated with a higher CETP concentration and lower HDL-C levels in the plasma. Two other mutations that result in similar findings are A373P and R451Q.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
Smoking
Lack of physical exercise^[4]
High carbohydrate diet

Causes of High HDL

Drugs

Chronic alcoholism: Alcohol consumption raises HDL cholesterol levels by possibly increasing the transport rate of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Alcohol consumption of 30-40 g/day (1-3 drinks/day) or more has been shown to increase HDL-C levels.^[15]^[16]
Extensive aerobic exercise
Alcoholic liver disease
Weight loss: For every 1 kg weight loss serum HDL increases by 0.35 mg/dL^[17]
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia
Oral estrogen replacement therapy
CETP deficiency (single gene defects in 16q21)^[18]^[19]
Early stage primary biliary cirrhosis ^[20]^[21]

References

↑ Filippatos TD, Rizos EC, Tsimihodimos V, Gazi IF, Tselepis AD, Elisaf MS (2013). "Small High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Subclasses are Increased with Decreased Activity of HDL-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Subjects with Prediabetes". Lipids. doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3787-1. PMID 23546765. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sanyal D, Ghosh S, Mukherjee P, Mukherjee S, Chowdhury S (2012). "Dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and liver enzymes in impaired glucose tolerance and new onset untreated, type 2 diabetes Indian subjects". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 16 (Suppl 2): S434–5. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.104121. PMC 3603104. PMID 23565456. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Dullaart RP, de Boer JF, Annema W, Tietge UJ (2013). "The inverse relation of HDL anti-oxidative functionality with serum amyloid a is lost in metabolic syndrome subjects". Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 21 (2): 361–6. doi:10.1002/oby.20058. PMID 23404653. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Elme A, Utriainen M, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P; et al. (2013). "Obesity and physical inactivity are related to impaired physical health of breast cancer survivors". Anticancer Res. 33 (4): 1595–602. PMID 23564803. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Klein W (1992). "[Antihypertensive therapy and modification of metabolic risk factors (glucose and lipid metabolism)]". Z Kardiol (in German). 81 (6): 295–302. PMID 1353932. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Page ST, Krauss RM, Gross C; et al. (2012). "Impact of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid/progesterone antagonist, on HDL cholesterol, HDL particle concentration, and HDL function". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (5): 1598–605. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2813. PMID 22399518. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Worsley R, Robinson PJ, Bell RJ, Moufarege A, Davis SR (2013). "Endogenous estrogen and androgen levels are not independent predictors of lipid levels in postmenopausal women". Menopause. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e318279bd4a. PMID 23531683. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Cabarkapa V, Djerić M, Stosić Z, Sakac V, Zagorka LC, Vucković B (2012). "Evaluation of lipid parameters and bioindices in patients with different stages of chronic renal failure". Vojnosanitetski Pregled. Military-medical and Pharmaceutical Review. 69 (11): 961–6. PMID 23311247. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Khoueiry G, Abdallah M, Saiful F; et al. (2013). "High-density lipoprotein in uremic patients: metabolism, impairment, and therapy". Int Urol Nephrol. doi:10.1007/s11255-012-0366-y. PMID 23443874. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Minicocci I, Montali A, Robciuc MR; et al. (2012). "Mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene and familial combined hypolipidemia: a clinical and biochemical characterization". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (7): E1266–75. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1298. PMID 22659251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Pachocka LM, Włodarczyk M, Nowicka G, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Wolańska D, Stolarska I (2012). "[CETP gene TaqIB polymorphism and plasma lipids in patients with overweight and obesity]". Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig (in Polish). 63 (2): 149–54. PMID 22928361.
↑ Rahimi Z, Nourozi-Rad R, Rahimi Z, Parsian A (2012). "Strong interaction between T allele of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with B1 allele of cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB highly elevates the risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus". Hum. Genomics. 6: 20. doi:10.1186/1479-7364-6-20. PMC 3500247. PMID 23157875.
↑ Li YY, Wu XY, Xu J, Qian Y, Zhou CW, Wang B (2013). "Apo A5 -1131T/C, FgB -455G/A, -148C/T, and CETP TaqIB gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis of 15,055 subjects". Mol. Biol. Rep. 40 (2): 1997–2014. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2257-9. PMID 23129316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Rejeb J, Omezzine A, Boumaiza I; et al. (2012). "Four polymorphisms of cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene and coronary stenosis in a Tunisian population". J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 13 (9): 546–53. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283569b24. PMID 22854712. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Krawiec A, Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Supronowicz Z, Szmitkowski M (2008). "[The effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins concentrations in the sera]". Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego (in Polish). 24 (144): 521–5. PMID 18702334. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Dai WS, LaPorte RE, Hom DL; et al. (1985). "Alcohol consumption and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics". Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (4): 620–7. PMID 2862791. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Farnier M (2011). "[What about HDL cholesterol?]". Rev Prat (in French). 61 (8): 1117–20. PMID 22135980. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Chantepie S, Bochem AE, Chapman MJ, Hovingh GK, Kontush A (2012). "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle subpopulations in heterozygous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency: maintenance of antioxidative activity". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49336. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049336. PMC 3506611. PMID 23189141.
↑ Niesor EJ, von der Mark E, Calabresi L; et al. (2012). "Lipid and apoprotein composition of HDL in partial or complete CETP deficiency". Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 10 (4): 422–31. PMID 22339301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Crippin JS, Lindor KD, Jorgensen R; et al. (1992). "Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: what is the risk?". Hepatology. 15 (5): 858–62. PMID 1568727. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Jahn CE, Schaefer EJ, Taam LA; et al. (1985). "Lipoprotein abnormalities in primary biliary cirrhosis. Association with hepatic lipase inhibition as well as altered cholesterol esterification". Gastroenterology. 89 (6): 1266–78. PMID 4054519. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid23546765-1] Filippatos TD, Rizos EC, Tsimihodimos V, Gazi IF, Tselepis AD, Elisaf MS (2013). "Small High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Subclasses are Increased with Decreased Activity of HDL-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Subjects with Prediabetes". Lipids. doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3787-1. PMID 23546765. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23565456-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sanyal D, Ghosh S, Mukherjee P, Mukherjee S, Chowdhury S (2012). "Dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and liver enzymes in impaired glucose tolerance and new onset untreated, type 2 diabetes Indian subjects". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 16 (Suppl 2): S434–5. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.104121. PMC 3603104. PMID 23565456. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23404653-3] Dullaart RP, de Boer JF, Annema W, Tietge UJ (2013). "The inverse relation of HDL anti-oxidative functionality with serum amyloid a is lost in metabolic syndrome subjects". Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). 21 (2): 361–6. doi:10.1002/oby.20058. PMID 23404653. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23564803-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Elme A, Utriainen M, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P; et al. (2013). "Obesity and physical inactivity are related to impaired physical health of breast cancer survivors". Anticancer Res. 33 (4): 1595–602. PMID 23564803. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid1353932-5] Klein W (1992). "[Antihypertensive therapy and modification of metabolic risk factors (glucose and lipid metabolism)]". Z Kardiol (in German). 81 (6): 295–302. PMID 1353932. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22399518-6] Page ST, Krauss RM, Gross C; et al. (2012). "Impact of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid/progesterone antagonist, on HDL cholesterol, HDL particle concentration, and HDL function". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (5): 1598–605. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2813. PMID 22399518. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23531683-7] Worsley R, Robinson PJ, Bell RJ, Moufarege A, Davis SR (2013). "Endogenous estrogen and androgen levels are not independent predictors of lipid levels in postmenopausal women". Menopause. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e318279bd4a. PMID 23531683. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23311247-8] Cabarkapa V, Djerić M, Stosić Z, Sakac V, Zagorka LC, Vucković B (2012). "Evaluation of lipid parameters and bioindices in patients with different stages of chronic renal failure". Vojnosanitetski Pregled. Military-medical and Pharmaceutical Review. 69 (11): 961–6. PMID 23311247. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23443874-9] Khoueiry G, Abdallah M, Saiful F; et al. (2013). "High-density lipoprotein in uremic patients: metabolism, impairment, and therapy". Int Urol Nephrol. doi:10.1007/s11255-012-0366-y. PMID 23443874. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22659251-10] Minicocci I, Montali A, Robciuc MR; et al. (2012). "Mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene and familial combined hypolipidemia: a clinical and biochemical characterization". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (7): E1266–75. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1298. PMID 22659251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22928361-11] Pachocka LM, Włodarczyk M, Nowicka G, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Wolańska D, Stolarska I (2012). "[CETP gene TaqIB polymorphism and plasma lipids in patients with overweight and obesity]". Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig (in Polish). 63 (2): 149–54. PMID 22928361.

[pmid23157875-12] Rahimi Z, Nourozi-Rad R, Rahimi Z, Parsian A (2012). "Strong interaction between T allele of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with B1 allele of cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB highly elevates the risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus". Hum. Genomics. 6: 20. doi:10.1186/1479-7364-6-20. PMC 3500247. PMID 23157875.

[pmid23129316-13] Li YY, Wu XY, Xu J, Qian Y, Zhou CW, Wang B (2013). "Apo A5 -1131T/C, FgB -455G/A, -148C/T, and CETP TaqIB gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis of 15,055 subjects". Mol. Biol. Rep. 40 (2): 1997–2014. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2257-9. PMID 23129316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22854712-14] Rejeb J, Omezzine A, Boumaiza I; et al. (2012). "Four polymorphisms of cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene and coronary stenosis in a Tunisian population". J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 13 (9): 546–53. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3283569b24. PMID 22854712. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid18702334-15] Krawiec A, Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Supronowicz Z, Szmitkowski M (2008). "[The effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins concentrations in the sera]". Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego (in Polish). 24 (144): 521–5. PMID 18702334. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid2862791-16] Dai WS, LaPorte RE, Hom DL; et al. (1985). "Alcohol consumption and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics". Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (4): 620–7. PMID 2862791. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22135980-17] Farnier M (2011). "[What about HDL cholesterol?]". Rev Prat (in French). 61 (8): 1117–20. PMID 22135980. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23189141-18] Chantepie S, Bochem AE, Chapman MJ, Hovingh GK, Kontush A (2012). "High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle subpopulations in heterozygous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency: maintenance of antioxidative activity". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49336. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049336. PMC 3506611. PMID 23189141.

[pmid22339301-19] Niesor EJ, von der Mark E, Calabresi L; et al. (2012). "Lipid and apoprotein composition of HDL in partial or complete CETP deficiency". Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 10 (4): 422–31. PMID 22339301. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid1568727-20] Crippin JS, Lindor KD, Jorgensen R; et al. (1992). "Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: what is the risk?". Hepatology. 15 (5): 858–62. PMID 1568727. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid4054519-21] Jahn CE, Schaefer EJ, Taam LA; et al. (1985). "Lipoprotein abnormalities in primary biliary cirrhosis. Association with hepatic lipase inhibition as well as altered cholesterol esterification". Gastroenterology. 89 (6): 1266–78. PMID 4054519. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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