GDF11
| growth differentiation factor 11
| |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | GDF11 |
| Alt. Symbols | BMP-11 |
| Entrez | 10220 |
| HUGO | 4216 |
| OMIM | 603936 |
| RefSeq | NM_005811 |
| UniProt | O95390 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 12 q13.13 |
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes.[1] It determines Hox gene expression domains and rostrocaudal identity in the caudal spinal cord.[2] During mouse development, GDF11 expression begins in the tail bud and caudal neural plate region.
This cytokine also inhibits the proliferation of olfactory receptor neuron progenitors to regulate the number of olfactory receptor neurons occurring in the olfactory epithelium,[3]
and controls the competence of progenitor cells to regulate numbers of retinal ganglionic cells developing in the retina.[4]
GDF11 can bind type I TGF-beta superfamily receptors ACVR1B (ALK4), TGFBR1 (ALK5) and ACVR1C (ALK7), but predominantly uses ALK4 and ALK5 for signal transduction.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Andersson O, Reissmann E, Ibáñez C (2006). "Growth differentiation factor 11 signals through the transforming growth factor-beta receptor ALK5 to regionalize the anterior-posterior axis". EMBO Rep 7 (8): 831-7. PMID 16845371.
- ↑ Liu J (2006). "The function of growth/differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) in rostrocaudal patterning of the developing spinal cord". Development 133 (15): 2865-74. PMID 16790475.
- ↑ Wu H, Ivkovic S, Murray R, Jaramillo S, Lyons K, Johnson J, Calof A (2003). "Autoregulation of neurogenesis by GDF11". Neuron 37 (2): 197-207. PMID 12546816.
- ↑ Kim J, Wu H, Lander A, Lyons K, Matzuk M, Calof A (2005). "GDF11 controls the timing of progenitor cell competence in developing retina". Science 308 (5730): 1927-30. PMID 15976303.
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Cell signaling: TGF beta signaling pathway | |
|---|---|
| TGF beta superfamily of ligands | TGF beta family (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3) Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10 , BMP15) Growth differentiation factors (GDF1, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, Myostatin/GDF8, GDF9, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15) Other (Activin A and B/Inhibin A and B, Anti-müllerian hormone, Nodal) |
| TGF beta receptors | TGFBR1: Activin type 1 receptors (ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C) - ACVRL1 - BMPR1 (BMPR1A - BMPR1B) TGFBR2: Activin type 2 receptors (ACVR2A, ACVR2B) - AMHR2 - BMPR2 TGFBR3: betaglycan |
| Transducers/SMAD | R-SMAD (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9) - I-SMAD (SMAD6, SMAD7) - SMAD4 |
| Ligand Inhibitors | Cerberus - Chordin - DAN - Decorin - Follistatin - Gremlin - Lefty - LTBP1 - Noggin - THBS1 |
| Coreceptors | BAMBI - Cripto |
| Other | SARA |
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