BRCA2
You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.
| Breast cancer 2, early onset
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Image:PBB Protein BRCA2 image.jpg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDB rendering based on 1n0w. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Available structures: For the file format that describes the 3D structures of molecules found in the Protein Data Bank, see Protein Data Bank (file format).
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. These data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, are submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are released into the public domain, and can be accessed for free. HistoryFounded in 1971 by Drs. Edgar Meyer and Walter Hamilton Brookhaven National Laboratory, management of the Protein Data Bank was transferred in 1998 to members of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB). The Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) consists of organizations that act as deposition, data processing and distribution centers for PDB data. The founding members are RCSB PDB (USA), MSD-EBI (Europe) and PDBj (Japan). The BMRB (USA) group joined the wwPDB in 2006. The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single Protein Data Bank Archive of macromolecular structural data that is freely and publicly available to the global community. The PDB is a key resource in structural biology and is critical to more recent work in structural genomics. Countless derived databases and projects have been developed to integrate and classify the PDB in terms of protein structure, protein function and protein evolution. GrowthWhen the PDB was originally founded it contained just 7 protein structures. Since then it has undergone an approximate exponential growth in the number of structures, which does not show any sign of falling off. The growth rate of the PDB has been the subject of fairly extensive analysis. ContentsAs of 26 September, 2006, the database contained 39,051 released atomic coordinate entries (or "structures"), 35,767 of that proteins, the rest being nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes, and a few other molecules. About 5,000 new structures are released each year. Data are stored in the mmCIF format specifically developed for the purpose. Note that the database stores information about the exact location of all atoms in a large biomolecule (although, usually without the hydrogen atoms, as their positions are more of a statistical estimate); if one is only interested in sequence data, i.e. the list of amino acids making up a particular protein or the list of nucleotides making up a particular nucleic acid, the much larger databases from Swiss-Prot and the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration should be used. StatisticsAs of 11 September, 2007, the "PDB Holdings List" at RCSB reported the following statistics:
Note that theoretical models are no longer accepted in the PDB. 22461 structures in the PDB have a structure factor file. 3138 structures in the PDB have an NMR restraint file. The current breakdown of holdings is updated weekly. File formatThrough the years the PDB file format has undergone many, many changes and revisions. Its original format was dictated by the width of computer punch cards.
This legacy format has caused many problems with the format, and consequently there are 'clean-up' projects; The MMDB uses ASN.1 (and an XML conversion of this format). The wwPDB members RCSB PDB, MSD-EBI, and PDBj are working together to make the data uniform across the archive. Some believe this to be desirable; others argue that, without a universal repository of information (i.e., a common dictionary), it is not possible to draw comparisons. Each structure published in PDB receives a four-character alphanumeric identifier, its PDB ID. This should not be used as an identifier for biomolecules, since often several structures for the same molecule (in different environments or conformations) are contained in PDB with different PDB IDs. If a biologist submits structure data for a protein or nucleic acid, wwPDB staff reviews and annotates the entry. The data are then automatically checked for plausibility. The source code for this validation software has been released for free. The main data base accepts only experimentally derived structures, and not theoretically predicted ones (see protein structure prediction). Various funding agencies and scientific journals now require scientists to submit their structure data to PDB. Viewing the dataThe structural data can be used to visualize the biomolecules with appropriate software, such as VMD, RasMol, PyMOL, Jmol, MDL Chime, QuteMol, web browser VRML plugin or any web-based software designed to visualize and analyse the protein structures such as STING. A recent desktop software addition is Sirius. The RCSB PDB website also contains resources for education, structural genomics, and related software. ReferencesPrinted
Online
Other external links
Links to enzyme database data
Molecular graphic visualisation tools
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symbol(s) | BRCA2; BRCC2; FACD; FAD; FAD1; FANCB; FANCD; FANCD1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 600185 MGI: 109337 Homologene: 41 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Entrez | 675 | 12190 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000139618 | ENSMUSG00000041147 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uniprot | P51587 | Q3TN53 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Refseq | NM_000059 (mRNA) NP_000050 (protein) | NM_001081001 (mRNA) NP_001074470 (protein) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Location | Chr 13: 31.79 - 31.87 Mb | Chr 5: 150.79 - 150.84 Mb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pubmed search | [5] | [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BRCA2 (Breast Cancer Type 2 susceptibility protein) is a human gene that is involved in the repair of chromosomal damage and belongs to a class of genes known as tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes regulate the cycle of cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way.
Although the structures of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are very different, their functions appear to be similar. The proteins made by both genes are essential for repairing damaged DNA. The BRCA2 protein binds to and regulates the protein produced by the RAD51 gene to fix breaks in DNA. These breaks can be caused by natural and medical radiation or other environmental exposures, but also occur when chromosomes exchange genetic material during a special type of cell division that creates sperm and eggs (meiosis). The BRCA1 protein also interacts with the RAD51 protein. By repairing DNA, these three proteins play a role in maintaining the stability of the human genome.
Like BRCA1, BRCA2 probably regulates the activity of other genes and plays a critical role in embryo development.
The BRCA2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 13 at position 12.3, from base pair 31,787,616 to base pair 31,871,804.
Related conditions
Certain variations of the BRCA2 gene cause an increased risk for breast cancer. Researchers have identified about 450 mutations in the BRCA2 gene, many of which cause an increased risk of cancer. BRCA2 mutations are usually insertions or deletions of a small number of DNA base pairs (the building material of chromosomes) in the gene. As a result of these mutations, the protein product of the BRCA2 gene is abnormally short and does not function properly. Researchers believe that the defective BRCA2 protein is unable to help fix mutations that occur in other genes. As a result, mutations build up and can cause cells to divide in an uncontrolled way and form a tumor.
People who have two mutated copies of the BRCA2 gene have one type of Fanconi anemia. This condition is caused by extremely reduced levels of the BRCA2 protein in cells, which allows the accumulation of damaged DNA. Patients with Fanconi anemia are prone to several types of leukemia (a type of blood cell cancer); solid tumors, particularly of the head, neck, skin, and reproductive organs; and bone marrow suppression (reduced blood cell production that leads to anemia).
In addition to breast cancer in men and women, mutations in BRCA2 also lead to an increased risk of ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. In particular, mutations in the central part of the gene have been associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer and a lower risk of prostate cancer than mutations in other parts of the gene. Several other types of cancer have also been seen in families with BRCA2 mutations.
Discovery of BRCA2
The BRCA2 gene was discovered in 1995 by Professor Michael Stratton and Dr Richard Wooster (Institute of Cancer Research, UK). The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Hinxton, Cambs, UK) collaborated with Stratton and Wooster to isolate the gene. In honour of this discovery and collaboration, the Wellcome Trust has participated in the construction of a cycle path between Addenbrooke's Hospital site in Cambridge and the nearby village of Great Shelford. It is decorated with over 10,000 lines of 4 colours representing the nucleotide sequence of BRCA2. It makes-up part of the National Cycle Network route 11, and can be seen from the Cambridge-London Liverpool Street train.
See also
Further reading
- Venkitaraman AR (2001). "Chromosome stability, DNA recombination and the BRCA2 tumour suppressor.". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13 (3): 338-43. PMID 11343905.
- Orelli BJ, Bishop DK (2001). "BRCA2 and homologous recombination.". Breast Cancer Res. 3 (5): 294-8. PMID 11597317.
- Daniel DC (2002). "Highlight: BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins in breast cancer.". Microsc. Res. Tech. 59 (1): 68-83. doi:10.1002/jemt.10178. PMID 12242698.
- Tutt A, Ashworth A (2003). "The relationship between the roles of BRCA genes in DNA repair and cancer predisposition.". Trends in molecular medicine 8 (12): 571-6. PMID 12470990.
- Gonçalves A, Viens P, Sobol H, et al. (2005). "[Molecular alterations in breast cancer: clinical implications and new analytical tools]". La Revue de médecine interne / fondée ... par la Société nationale francaise de médecine interne 26 (6): 470-8. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2004.11.012. PMID 15936476.
- Hay T, Clarke AR (2005). "DNA damage hypersensitivity in cells lacking BRCA2: a review of in vitro and in vivo data.". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (Pt 4): 715-7. doi:10.1042/BST0330715. PMID 16042582.
- Domchek SM, Weber BL (2006). "Clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.". Oncogene 25 (43): 5825-31. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209881. PMID 16998496.
- Honrado E, Osorio A, Palacios J, Benitez J (2006). "Pathology and gene expression of hereditary breast tumors associated with BRCA1, BRCA2 and CHEK2 gene mutations.". Oncogene 25 (43): 5837-45. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209875. PMID 16998498.
External links
- "Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage" by Kiyotsugu Yoshida and Yoshio Miki (2004) [7].
- EntrezGene 675
- GeneCard
Tumor suppressor genes/proteins |
|---|
| APC - BRCA1 - BRCA2 - CHEK2 - Neurofibromin 1 - Maspin - Neurofibromin 2/Merlin - p14arf - p16 - p21 - p27 - p53 - p57 - p73 - pRb - PTEN - SDHB - SDHD - VHL |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
