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Non-Polio enterovirus infections risk factors

2023-02-26T13:32:49Z

Sujaya97: /* Other factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
[[EV]] [[infections]] vary greatly in severity. Understanding the [[risk]] factors for severe [[infection]] may help [[clinicians]] identify [[infants]] at risk for adverse outcomes.

==Risk Factors==

===Age<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*[[Prematurity]]
*Early age on onset of [[illness]] (<7 days of age)
===[[Clinical]] status<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*Higher [[WBC]] count: A higher degree of [[inflammation]] and consequent [[hepatic]]/[[myocardial]] damage
*Low [[hemoglobin]]: May signal a [[bleeding]] [[diathesis]]
===Babies Born to Infected Mothers<ref name="pmid3541126">{{cite journal| author=Modlin JF| title=Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 918-26 | pmid=3541126 | doi=10.1093/clinids/8.6.918 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3541126 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11734737">{{cite journal| author=Abzug MJ| title=Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2001 | volume= 20 | issue= 8 | pages= 758-63 | pmid=11734737 | doi=10.1097/00006454-200108000-00008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11734737 }} </ref>===
Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have [[symptoms]] of [[enteroviral]] [[illness]] around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected.
===Other factors<ref name="pmid16274512">{{cite journal| author=Kuramitsu M, Kuroiwa C, Yoshida H, Miyoshi M, Okumura J, Shimizu H | display-authors=etal| title=Non-polio enterovirus isolation among families in Ulaanbaatar and Tov province, Mongolia: prevalence, intrafamilial spread, and risk factors for infection. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 6 | pages= 1131-42 | pmid=16274512 | doi=10.1017/S0950268805004139 | pmc=2870349 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16274512 }} </ref>===
*Low accessibility to water and high density and intimacy among family members due to small housing space [4.3m^2(1.10 m^2 per person)]: Apparent major reasons for high [[infectivity]], although not statistically evident
*Sharing a kitchen and/or bathroom
*Inside toilet: Higher risk of intrafamilial spread
*Lack of cleaning of kitchen, bathroom, toilets and waste disposal areas
* Improper hand [[hygiene]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections risk factors

2023-02-26T13:25:31Z

Sujaya97: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
[[EV]] [[infections]] vary greatly in severity. Understanding the [[risk]] factors for severe [[infection]] may help [[clinicians]] identify [[infants]] at risk for adverse outcomes.

==Risk Factors==

===Age<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*[[Prematurity]]
*Early age on onset of [[illness]] (<7 days of age)
===[[Clinical]] status<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*Higher [[WBC]] count: A higher degree of [[inflammation]] and consequent [[hepatic]]/[[myocardial]] damage
*Low [[hemoglobin]]: May signal a [[bleeding]] [[diathesis]]
===Babies Born to Infected Mothers<ref name="pmid3541126">{{cite journal| author=Modlin JF| title=Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 918-26 | pmid=3541126 | doi=10.1093/clinids/8.6.918 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3541126 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11734737">{{cite journal| author=Abzug MJ| title=Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2001 | volume= 20 | issue= 8 | pages= 758-63 | pmid=11734737 | doi=10.1097/00006454-200108000-00008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11734737 }} </ref>===
Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have [[symptoms]] of [[enteroviral]] [[illness]] around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected.
===Other factors===

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections risk factors

2023-02-26T13:25:01Z

Sujaya97: /* Risk Factors{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }}...

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
[[EV]] [[infections]] vary greatly in severity. Understanding the [[risk]] factors for severe [[infection]] may help [[clinicians]] identify [[infants]] at risk for adverse outcomes.

==Risk Factors==

===Age<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*[[Prematurity]]
*Early age on onset of [[illness]] (<7 days of age)

===[[Clinical]] status<ref name="pmid14551490">{{cite journal| author=Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH | display-authors=etal| title=Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2003 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 889-94 | pmid=14551490 | doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000091294.63706.f3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14551490 }} </ref>===
*Higher [[WBC]] count: A higher degree of [[inflammation]] and consequent [[hepatic]]/[[myocardial]] damage
*Low [[hemoglobin]]: May signal a [[bleeding]] [[diathesis]]

===Babies Born to Infected Mothers<ref name="pmid3541126">{{cite journal| author=Modlin JF| title=Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 918-26 | pmid=3541126 | doi=10.1093/clinids/8.6.918 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3541126 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11734737">{{cite journal| author=Abzug MJ| title=Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2001 | volume= 20 | issue= 8 | pages= 758-63 | pmid=11734737 | doi=10.1097/00006454-200108000-00008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11734737 }} </ref>===
Mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have [[symptoms]] of [[enteroviral]] [[illness]] around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected.

===Other factors===

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections risk factors

2023-02-26T13:20:54Z

Sujaya97:

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:46:28Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics are characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types. [[Enterovirus A]] sequences dominate in East and Southeast Asia while [[Enterovirus B]] is most common in Western Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, Southern Asia, and Oceania. [[Enteroviruses]] C and D are relatively rare.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.

===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).

===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:44:50Z

Sujaya97: /* Enterovirus B */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types. [[Enterovirus A]] sequences dominate in East and South-east Asia,

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.

===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).

===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:44:16Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types. [[Enterovirus A]] sequences dominate in East and South-east Asia,

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.

===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:43:45Z

Sujaya97: /* Enterovirus A */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.

===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:43:04Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions. Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:42:51Z

Sujaya97: /* Epidemiology{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:42:00Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:41:47Z

Sujaya97: /* Demographics{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and [[homotypic]] [[immunity]] likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:41:07Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and homotypic immunity likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:40:27Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and homotypic immunity likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:37:11Z

Sujaya97: /* Epidemiology */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

== Overview ==
Non-polio [[enteroviruses]] are very common. They are second only to the "common cold" viruses, the [[rhinovirus|rhinoviruses]], as the most common viral infectious agents in humans. The [[enteroviruses]] cause an estimated 10-15 million or more symptomatic infections a year in the United States. However, all three types of polioviruses have been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere, as well as Western Pacific and European regions, by the widespread use of vaccines.

Parents, teachers, and child care center workers may be prone to non-polio enterovirus infections as they can become infected by contamination of the hands with stool from an infected infant or toddler during diaper changes.

==[[Epidemiology]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
The long-term circulation dynamics is characterised by distinct [[epidemic]] and [[endemic]] patterns<ref name="pmid16971890">{{cite journal| author=Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| title=Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005. | journal=MMWR Surveill Summ | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 8 | pages= 1-20 | pmid=16971890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16971890 }} </ref>.
*New types or [[strains]] can start off with a cryptic, [[endemic]] phase before assuming [[epidemic]] proportions (e.g. EV-A71<ref name="pmid20089660">{{cite journal| author=Tee KK, Lam TT, Chan YF, Bible JM, Kamarulzaman A, Tong CY | display-authors=etal| title=Evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the VP1 gene. | journal=J Virol | year= 2010 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 3339-50 | pmid=20089660 | doi=10.1128/JVI.01019-09 | pmc=2838098 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089660 }} </ref>, EV-D68<ref name="pmid22694903">{{cite journal| author=Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SRC, Wu W, Sall AA | display-authors=etal| title=Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. | journal=J Gen Virol | year= 2012 | volume= 93 | issue= Pt 9 | pages= 1952-1958 | pmid=22694903 | doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0 | pmc=3542132 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22694903 }} </ref>)
*Bottlenecks from [[epidemic]] [[epidemiological]] cycles can limit diversity in certain areas, leading to a self-limiting pattern<ref name="pmid25562123">{{cite journal| author=Yarmolskaya MS, Shumilina EY, Ivanova OE, Drexler JF, Lukashev AN| title=Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2015 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 244-248 | pmid=25562123 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25562123 }} </ref>.
*[Epidemics]] in temperate regions exhibit a characteristic seasonal variation, with peaks in summer and early autumn. This is less apparent in the tropical regions<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*Differences in geography can also change the timing of [[epidemic]] cycles, making them longer or even variable.
*The cause for the cyclical patterns is likely multifactorial, being a combination of weather, geographic barriers, hygiene, [[viral]] evolution, [[herd immunity]], changes in the susceptible population and [[host]] factors.
*[[Homotypic immunity]] is probably the most important factor dictating [[transmission]] dynamics<ref name="pmid29507246">{{cite journal| author=Pons-Salort M, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA, Abedi GR, Takahashi S, Grenfell BT | display-authors=etal| title=The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2018 | volume= 115 | issue= 12 | pages= 3078-3083 | pmid=29507246 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1721159115 | pmc=5866597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29507246 }} </ref>.
*The relative [[species]] [[prevalence]] also changes throughout the year<ref name="pmid28630939">{{cite journal| author=Brinkman NE, Fout GS, Keely SP| title=Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. | journal=mSphere | year= 2017 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= | pmid=28630939 | doi=10.1128/mSphere.00099-17 | pmc=5471348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28630939 }} </ref>.

==[[Demographics]]<ref name="pmid33255654">{{cite journal| author=Brown DM, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH| title=Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses. | journal=Microorganisms | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= | pmid=33255654 | doi=10.3390/microorganisms8121856 | pmc=7759938 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33255654 }} </ref>==
Climate, socio-economic factors and homotypic immunity likely contribute to the geographic distribution of different types<ref name="pmid24731248">{{cite journal| author=Bo YC, Song C, Wang JF, Li XW| title=Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. | journal=BMC Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 358 | pmid=24731248 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-358 | pmc=4022446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731248 }} </ref>.
===[[Enterovirus A]]===
Sequences dominate in East (71%) and South-east Asia (73.4%), with the most common EV-A71, EV-A6, EV-A16, EV-A10 occurring in that order. Very low levels are detected in Africa, North America and Western Asia.
===[[Enterovirus B]]===
Most common in Western Asia(81.4%), Europe(63.1%), Africa(63%), South America(61.3%), Southern Asia(61%), Oceania (55.1%).
===[[Enterovirus C]]===
*A significant proportion exists in Africa(22.1%) and South America (21.2%); rarer in rest of the world
*[[CV-A 24]] is the most commonly sequenced [[EV-C]] type, with higher proportion in South America
===[[Enterovirus D]]===
*Relatively rare worldwide; represent 76.7% of sequences in North America.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T20:14:39Z

Sujaya97: /* Demographics */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T19:57:49Z

Sujaya97: /* Epidemiology */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections epidemiology and demographics

2023-02-07T19:57:13Z

Sujaya97:

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:50:26Z

Sujaya97:

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
The [[differential]] [[diagnoses]] of non-polio [[enterovirus]] [[infections]] spans [[diseases]] affecting the [[respiratory]], [[gastrointestinal]] and [[central nervous systems]]:
* [[Influenza]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]] ([[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]])
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Meningitis]]'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''[[Gastroenteritis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958366">{{cite journal| author=Graves NS| title=Acute gastroenteritis. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 727-41 | pmid=23958366 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.05.006 | pmc=7119329 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958366 }}</ref>
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:49:42Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==
The [[differential]] [[diagnoses]] of non-polio [[enterovirus]] [[infections]] spans [[diseases]] affecting the [[respiratory]], [[gastrointestinal]] and [[central nervous systems]]:
* [[Influenza]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]] ([[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]])
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Meningitis]]'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''[[Gastroenteritis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958366">{{cite journal| author=Graves NS| title=Acute gastroenteritis. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 727-41 | pmid=23958366 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.05.006 | pmc=7119329 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958366 }}</ref>
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:49:14Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==
The [[differential]] [[diagnoses]] of non-polio [[enterovirus]] [[infections]] spans [[diseases]] affecting the [[respiratory]], [[gastrointestinal]] and [[central nervous systems]]:
* [[Influenza]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]] ([[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]])
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''<ref name="pmid23958366">{{cite journal| author=Graves NS| title=Acute gastroenteritis. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 727-41 | pmid=23958366 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.05.006 | pmc=7119329 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958366 }}</ref>
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:48:50Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==
The [[differential]] [[diagnoses]] of non-polio [[enterovirus]] [[infections]] spans [[diseases]] affecting the [[respiratory]], [[gastrointestinal]] and [[central nervous systems]]:
* [[Influenza]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]] ([[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]])
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''<ref name="pmid23958366">{{cite journal| author=Graves NS| title=Acute gastroenteritis. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 727-41 | pmid=23958366 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.05.006 | pmc=7119329 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958366 }}</ref>
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:46:06Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''<ref name="pmid23958366">{{cite journal| author=Graves NS| title=Acute gastroenteritis. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 727-41 | pmid=23958366 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.05.006 | pmc=7119329 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958366 }}</ref>
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:35:56Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia]], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool]] for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and [[cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:35:02Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|[[Malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[cramping]], [[watery diarrhea]], [[nausea and vomiting]], [[low-grade fever]], signs of [[dehydration]] (dry [[mucous membranes]], [[tachycardia], [[orthostatic blood pressure]],
|[[Sorbitol]] [[McConkey]] [[agar]] for [[E.coli]] O157:H7
|Mostly [[clinical]] [[diagnosis]]; [[stool for [[ova]], [[parasites]] and cultures]], [[fecal]] [[leukocytes]] and [[occult blood]], [[toxin]] [[assays]]
|[[Colitis]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[tenesmus]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:24:48Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''<ref name="pmid29083833">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083833 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:21:43Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]]. [[CT]] head for signs of [[raised intracranial pressure]] and/or [[brain herniation]] before [[lumbar puncture]]
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T17:19:24Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''
|[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid]] analysis reveals elevated [[opening pressures]], increased [[White cell count]] and [[protein]].[[Glucose]] is typically normal in [[viral]] and [[fungal]] [[meningitis]].
|Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
|[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants

|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T16:56:20Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
[[Fever]], [[neck pain]], [[stiffness]], [[photophobia]], altered mental status, [[neurological]] deficits, [[seizures]], [[Brudzinski]] and [[Kernig]] signs of [[meningeal]] [[irritation]],
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
Analysis of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] ([[CSF]]) including [[cultures]], [[serology]] and [[microscopy]]
!Additional findings
[[Headache]], [[dizziness]], [[confusion]], [[delirium]], [[irritability]], [[nausea/vomiting]], [[petechiae]]/[[purpura]] in [[meningococcal]] [[meningitis]], [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities; [[hypothermia]], decreased oral intake, [[irritability]] and [[bulging fontanelle]] in infants
|-
|'''Meningitis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T16:49:49Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses of non-rhinovirus non-polio enterovirus infections */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Disease'''
!'''Clinical findings'''
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|'''Meningitis'''
|
|
|
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|-
|'''Gastroenteritis'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Autoimmune disease'''
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
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[[Category:Needs content]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T16:40:31Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
===Differential [[diagnoses]] for [[rhinovirus]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
![[Disease]]
![[Clinical]] Findings
![[Para-clinical]] findings
![[Gold standard]]
!Additional findings
|-
|'''[[Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid29083802">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2022 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29083802 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref>
|[[Cough]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[runny nose]], [[congested]] [[eyes]]
|[[Chest X-ray]] may show signs of concomitant [[bacterial]] [[pneumonia]]
|[[Immunofluorescent]] direct and indirect [[antibody]] staining for detection of [[viral antigen]], real-time [[PCR]] test, [[cell culture]] of upper or lower [[respiratory tract]] specimens
|[[Frontal]] or [[retro-orbital]] [[headache]], [[photophobia]], [[ocular pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypotension]] and need for [[ventilation]] in severe cases
|-
|'''[[Adenovirus infection]]''' <ref name="pmid27486739">{{cite journal| author=Lynch JP, Kajon AE| title=Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2016 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 586-602 | pmid=27486739 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1584923 | pmc=7171713 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27486739 }}</ref>
|[[Fever]], [[pharyngitis]], [[coryza]], watery eyes
|[[Cervical]] [[adenopathy]], [[pharyngoconjunctivitis]], [[tonsillitis]]
|[[Viral culture]], [[PCR]], [[viral antigen]] assay, [[serology]]
|[[Dyspnea]], gross [[bloody urine]]
|-
|'''[[Bacterial]] [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]'''<ref name="pmid23958368">{{cite journal| author=Grief SN| title=Upper respiratory infections. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2013 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-70 | pmid=23958368 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.004 | pmc=7127764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23958368 }}</ref>
|[[Purulent]] [[nasal]] [[discharge]], [[maxillary]] tooth or facial [[pain]], worsening after initial improvement ([[fever]], [[headache]], increase in [[nasal]] [[discharge]])
|[[Unilateral]] [[maxillary sinus]] [[tenderness]], [[pharyngeal erythema]] and [[swelling]], [[tonsillar exudates]], [[edematous]] [[uvula]], [[palatine]] [[petechiae]], anterior [[cervical lymphadenopathy]]
|[[Nasal endoscopy]] or [[antral puncture]] and culture of [[secretions]], [[Centor]] criteria
|Ear [[pain]]/pressure/fullness, [[sore throat]], [[halitosis]], [[cough]], [[fatigue]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]] and [[scarlet fever]]
|-
|'''[[Allergic rhinitis]]'''
|[[Sneezing]], [[rhinorrhoea]], watery eyes, [[postnasal drip]], [[chronic nasal congestion]] and obstruction<ref name="pmid26075169">{{cite journal| author=Varshney J, Varshney H| title=Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 67 | issue= 2 | pages= 143-9 | pmid=26075169 | doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5 | pmc=4460099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26075169 }}</ref>, triggers like [[pollen]], [[animal dander]], [[flooring/upholstery]], [[molds]], [[humidity]], perfumes and/or tobacco smoke<ref name="pmid22166009">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|Mouth breathing, frequent sniffling/throat clearing, transverse supra-tip nasal crease and dark circles under the eyes. Swelling of the nasal mucosa and thin,clear secretions on anterior rhinoscopy<ref name="pmid221660092">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|[[Serum]] testing for [[allergen-specific]] [[IgE]] or [[allergy]] skin testing<ref name="pmid25629743">{{cite journal| author=Wheatley LM, Togias A| title=Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-63 | pmid=25629743 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 | pmc=4324099 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25629743 }}</ref>
|Bluish hue of [[inferior turbinates]], cobblestoning of the [[nasal mucosa]], [[nasal polyps]], [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction, [[allergic dermatitis]], [[aspirin]] sensitivity, tender sinuses<ref name="pmid221660093">{{cite journal| author=Small P, Kim H| title=Allergic rhinitis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S3 | pmid=22166009 | doi=10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S3 | pmc=3245436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166009 }}</ref>
|}
===Differential [[diagnoses]] of [[non-rhinovirus]] [[non-polio]] [[enterovirus]] [[infections]]===

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T16:28:33Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses for rhinovirus */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T15:55:26Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses for rhinovirus */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T15:37:23Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T15:36:43Z

Sujaya97: /* Differential diagnoses */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Disease
!Clinical Findings
!Para-clinical findings
!Gold standard
!Additional findings
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections differential diagnosis

2023-02-06T15:31:17Z

Sujaya97:

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}

==Overview==

==Differential [[diagnoses]]==

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
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Non-Polio enterovirus infections causes

2023-02-05T19:14:28Z

Sujaya97:

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
[[Non-polio enterovirus]] [[infections]] are caused by a [[genus]] of [[positive-sense]] [[single-stranded]] [[RNA viruses]] associated with several human and mammalian [[diseases]]. [[Enteroviruses]] are made of [[ribonucleic acid]] (RNA) and [[protein]]. This group includes the [[coxsackievirus|coxsackieviruses]], and [[echovirus|echoviruses]]. [[Non-polio enteroviruses]] are very common. They are second only to the "[[common cold]]" [[viruses]], the [[rhinovirus|rhinoviruses]], as the most common [[viral]] [[infectious]] [[agents]] in [[humans]].

==Causes<ref name="pmid29626210">{{cite journal| author=Baggen J, Thibaut HJ, Strating JRPM, van Kuppeveld FJM| title=The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2018 | volume= 16 | issue= 6 | pages= 368-381 | pmid=29626210 | doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0005-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29626210 }} </ref>==
===[[Enterovirus]] A===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*A6
*A10
*A16
====Numbered [[enteroviruses]]====
*A71

===[[Enterovirus]] B===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*B types
*A9
===[[Enterovirus]] C===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*A21
*A24
====Numbered [[enteroviruses]]====
===[[Enterovirus]] D===
*D68
*D70
===[[Rhinovirus]] A===
===[[Rhinovirus]] B===
===[[Rhinovirus]] C===

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

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[[Category:Needs content]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections causes

2023-02-05T19:13:35Z

Sujaya97:

Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T19:04:02Z

Sujaya97: /* Pathophysiology */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {Sujaya}}

==Overview==
[[Enteroviral]] [[diseases]] are more likely to be severe in the [[immunocompromised]], including [[patients]] with [[diabetes]], [[HIV]], [[neoplasms]], or [[post-transplant]] status.The [[cellular]] uptake of [[enteorviruses]] is mediated by [[receptor]] [[molecules]] such as, [[intracellular]] [[adhesion]] [[molecule]]-1 ([[ICAM-1)]], low-density [[lipoprotein]] [[receptor]] ([[LDL-R]]), and [[non-protein]] factors such as [[heparan sulfate]] and [[sialic acid]]. [[Incubation]] [[periods]] range from 12 hours to 5 days, with [[experimental]] volunteers reporting [[symptoms]] several hours after aritficial [[inoculation]].

==Pathophysiology<ref name="pmid29523062">{{cite journal| author=Nikonov OS, Chernykh ES, Garber MB, Nikonova EY| title=Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs. | journal=Biochemistry (Mosc) | year= 2017 | volume= 82 | issue= 13 | pages= 1615-1631 | pmid=29523062 | doi=10.1134/S0006297917130041 | pmc=7087576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29523062 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26761027">{{cite journal| author=Royston L, Tapparel C| title=Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC. | journal=Viruses | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= | pmid=26761027 | doi=10.3390/v8010016 | pmc=4728576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26761027 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26610549">{{cite journal| author=Huang HI, Shih SR| title=Neurotropic Enterovirus Infections in the Central Nervous System. | journal=Viruses | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 11 | pages= 6051-66 | pmid=26610549 | doi=10.3390/v7112920 | pmc=4664993 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26610549 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23297263">{{cite journal| author=Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, St George K, Walsh TJ| title=Human rhinoviruses. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 135-62 | pmid=23297263 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00077-12 | pmc=3553670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297263 }} </ref>==
===[[Non-polio]] [[non-rhinovirus]] [[enteroviruses]]===
* Replicate in the [[oropharyngeal]] [[mucosa]] and the [[intestines]], leading to their detection in [[oral]] [[secretions]] and [[stool]], the latter showing evidence of the [[pathogen]] months after resolution of the [[symptoms]].
* Targets the [[lymphatic]] [[tissues]] such as the [[Peyer's patches]] and the [[tonsils]], paving the way for [[lymphatic]] and [[hematogenous]] [[dissemination]]
* Manifestations include [[myocarditis]], [[pancreatitis]] and often a second, stronger [[viremia]]. This can cause serious clinical illness and facilitate direct crossing of the [[blood-brain]] barrier to affect the [[central nervous system]].
* Alternative mechanisms include a "Trojan horse"entry model mediated by [[virus-infected]] [[leukocytes]].
*Once present in the [[CNS]], persistent [[infection]] is possible, likely by an [[immune]] response to the [[apoptosis]] and [[autophagy]] induced by this group of [[viruses]].

===[[Rhinoviruses]]===
* Exclusively affects the [[epithelial]] layer of the airways
* The mechanisms of uptake into cell include [[endocytosis]] and [[pinocytosis]] depending on the host and the [[virus]] type.
*On entry into the [[cell]], the [[virion]] induces a [[conformational]] change by lowering the [[pH]] of the [[endosome]] or altering the [[receptor]] [[binding]]. This results in the exposure of [[hydrophobic]] domains and pore-mediated release of the [[viral]] particles into the [[cytoplasm]] of the [[genome]], marking the beginning of [[viral]] [[polyprotein]] [[synthesis]] by the host [[cells]].
* They do not participate in direct [[cell]] destruction, instead disrupting the [[epithelial]] [[barriers]] by stimulating [[Reactive oxygen species]] during their [[replication]] and dissociating [[zona occludens-1]] from the [[tight junction]] complex. This triggers the release of [[cytokines]], that activate [[granulocytes]], [[monocytes]] and [[dendritic]] [[cells]]. [[IgG]] and [[IgA]] response takes about 1 to 2 weeks, usually after the [[virus]] has been eliminated but is crucial in preventing [[re-inoculation]]. Levels may remain high till a year after, but do not exhibit [[cross-reactivity]] among [[serotypes]]. On the contrary, [[viral]] load can indicate [[severity]] of the [[disease]].
* In infants, [[rhinoviruses]] damage the [[respiratory]] [[cells]] and damage the [[immune response]]. They are an independent risk factor for the development of [[asthma]] and recurrent [[wheezing]].
* In adults, they are the most common causes of [[acute]] [[exacerbations]] of [[COPD]], necessitating [[hospital]] stays. They also contribute to abut two-thirds of [[viral]] upper [[respiratory]] tract [[infections]]-associated [[asthma]] [[exacerbations]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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[[Category:Disease]]

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Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T19:01:05Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T19:00:52Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T18:58:46Z

Sujaya97: /* Rhinoviruses */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {Sujaya}}

==Overview==
The [[cellular]] uptake of [[enteorviruses]] is mediated by [[receptor]] [[molecules]] such as, [[intracellular]] [[adhesion]] [[molecule]]-1 ([[ICAM-1)]], low-density [[lipoprotein]] [[receptor]] ([[LDL-R]]), and [[non-protein]] factors such as [[heparan sulfate]] and [[sialic acid]]. [[Incubation]] [[periods]] range from 12 hours to 5 days, with [[experimental]] volunteers reporting [[symptoms]] several hours after aritficial [[inoculation]].
==Pathophysiology==
===[[Non-polio]] [[non-rhinovirus]] [[enteroviruses]]===
* Replicate in the [[oropharyngeal]] [[mucosa]] and the [[intestines]], leading to their detection in [[oral]] [[secretions]] and [[stool]], the latter showing evidence of the [[pathogen]] months after resolution of the [[symptoms]].
* Targets the [[lymphatic]] [[tissues]] such as the [[Peyer's patches]] and the [[tonsils]], paving the way for [[lymphatic]] and [[hematogenous]] [[dissemination]]
* Manifestations include [[myocarditis]], [[pancreatitis]] and often a second, stronger [[viremia]]. This can cause serious clinical illness and facilitate direct crossing of the [[blood-brain]] barrier to affect the [[central nervous system]].
* Alternative mechanisms include a "Trojan horse"entry model mediated by [[virus-infected]] [[leukocytes]].
*Once present in the [[CNS]], persistent [[infection]] is possible, likely by an [[immune]] response to the [[apoptosis]] and [[autophagy]] induced by this group of [[viruses]].

===[[Rhinoviruses]]===
* Exclusively affects the [[epithelial]] layer of the airways
* The mechanisms of uptake into cell include [[endocytosis]] and [[pinocytosis]] depending on the host and the [[virus]] type.
*On entry into the [[cell]], the [[virion]] induces a [[conformational]] change by lowering the [[pH]] of the [[endosome]] or altering the [[receptor]] [[binding]]. This results in the exposure of [[hydrophobic]] domains and pore-mediated release of the [[viral]] particles into the [[cytoplasm]] of the [[genome]], marking the beginning of [[viral]] [[polyprotein]] [[synthesis]] by the host [[cells]].
* They do not participate in direct [[cell]] destruction, instead disrupting the [[epithelial]] [[barriers]] by stimulating [[Reactive oxygen species]] during their [[replication]] and dissociating [[zona occludens-1]] from the [[tight junction]] complex. This triggers the release of [[cytokines]], that activate [[granulocytes]], [[monocytes]] and [[dendritic]] [[cells]]. [[IgG]] and [[IgA]] response takes about 1 to 2 weeks, usually after the [[virus]] has been eliminated but is crucial in preventing [[re-inoculation]]. Levels may remain high till a year after, but do not exhibit [[cross-reactivity]] among [[serotypes]]. On the contrary, [[viral]] load can indicate [[severity]] of the [[disease]].
* In infants, [[rhinoviruses]] damage the [[respiratory]] [[cells]] and damage the [[immune response]]. They are an independent risk factor for the development of [[asthma]] and recurrent [[wheezing]].
* In adults, they are the most common causes of [[acute]] [[exacerbations]] of [[COPD]], necessitating [[hospital]] stays. They also contribute to abut two-thirds of [[viral]] upper [[respiratory]] tract [[infections]]-associated [[asthma]] [[exacerbations]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T18:36:58Z

Sujaya97: /* Non-polio non-rhinovirus enteroviruses */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology

2023-02-04T18:23:43Z

Sujaya97:

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:45:31Z

Sujaya97: /* Classification */

__NOTOC__
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sujaya}}

==Overview==
The [[genus]] [[Enterovirus]] belongs to the [[Picornaviridae]] family. It consists of 13 [[species]] of which seven contain human [[pathogens]] of more than 250 types, excluding three [[poliovirus]] [[serotypes]]. They include [[coxsackievirus]], [[echovirus]], numbered [[enterovirus]] and [[rhinovirus]].

==Classification<ref name="pmid29626210">{{cite journal| author=Baggen J, Thibaut HJ, Strating JRPM, van Kuppeveld FJM| title=The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2018 | volume= 16 | issue= 6 | pages= 368-381 | pmid=29626210 | doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0005-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29626210 }} </ref>==
===[[Enterovirus]] A===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*A6
*A10
*A16
====Numbered [[enteroviruses]]====
*A71

===[[Enterovirus]] B===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*B types
*A9
===[[Enterovirus]] C===
====[[Coxsackieviruses]]====
*A21
*A24
====Numbered [[enteroviruses]]====
===[[Enterovirus]] D===
*D68
*D70
===[[Rhinovirus]] A===
===[[Rhinovirus]] B===
===[[Rhinovirus]] C===

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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[[Category:Disease]]

[[Category:Viruses]]

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:44:10Z

Sujaya97: /* Overview */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:43:32Z

Sujaya97: /* Numbered enteroviruses */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:43:09Z

Sujaya97: /* Classification */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:38:44Z

Sujaya97: /* =Coxsackieviruses */

Non-Polio enterovirus infections classification

2023-01-15T17:38:18Z

Sujaya97: