wikidoc - User contributions [en]

File:800px-Mixed germ cell tumour - intermed mag.jpg

2013-04-10T19:03:49Z

Shivali Marketkar:

File:800px-Mixed germ cell tumour - high mag.jpg

2013-04-10T18:58:38Z

Shivali Marketkar:

2013-04-10T18:15:45Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Embryonal carcinoma}}

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==Pathophysiology==
===Gross Pathology===
[[Image:Embryonal carcinoma - high mag.jpg|thumb|right|Embryonal carcinoma. [[H&E stain]].]]
The [[gross examination]] usually shows a two to three centimetre pale grey, poorly defined tumour with associated [[haemorrhage]] and [[necrosis]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book|last=Abbas, Fausto, Mitchell|title=Basic Pathology|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-81-312-1036-9|pages=696–697}}</ref>

===Microscopic Pathology===
The microscopic features include: indistinct cell borders, mitoses, a variable architecture (tubulopapillary, glandular, solid, embryoid bodies - ball of cells surrounded by empty space on three sides), nuclear overlap, and necrosis. An important key to distinguish it from other tumors, such as seminoma (vacuolated), [[teratocarcinoma]] (3 differentiated germ layers), [[yolk sac tumor]] ([[Schiller-Duval bodies]]), and the [[Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor]] (strings of glands), is that the embryonal carcinoma cells are "trying" to evolve into their next stage of development. So in the testicle, they are often observed as blue cells attempting to form primitive tubules.<ref>http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/MALEHTML/MALE092.html</ref>
Shown below is an image of embronal carcinoma(H&E stain).
[[Image:800px-Embryonal_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg‎|200px|center]]

The high magnification image shows:
High magnification micrograph of an embryonal carcinoma, a type of germ cell tumour. H&E stain.
Main features:
Nuclear atypia.
Nucleoli prominent.
Necrosis common.
Nuclei overlap.
Other features:

Variable architecture:
Tubulopapillary.
Glandular.
Solid.
Embryoid bodies - ball of cells in surrounded by empty space on three sides.
Mitoses common.
===Video===
{{#ev:youtube|Ot3QjXcFim4}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

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File:800px-Embryonal carcinoma - high mag.jpg

2013-04-10T18:11:42Z

Shivali Marketkar:

File:Lossy-page1-751px-Elastofibroma stained with elastic stain LDRT tif.jpg

2013-04-10T17:37:02Z

Shivali Marketkar:

2013-04-01T14:39:45Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Dermatofibroma}}
{{CMG}}

==Pathophysiology==
* Some physicians and researchers believe dermatofibromas form as a reaction to previous injuries such as insect bites or thorn pricks.
* Dermatofibromas are composed of disordered [[collagen]] laid down by [[fibroblasts]].

===Immunohistochemical staining===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Neoplasm
! [[CD34]]<ref name="Bolognia" />
! [[Stromelysin-3]]<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17596171 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08033.x | volume=157 | issue=2 | title=Stromelysin-3 expression in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: comparison with factor XIIIa and CD34 | year=2007 | month=August | author=Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, ''et al.'' | journal=Br. J. Dermatol. | pages=319–24}}</ref>
! [[Factor XIIIa]]<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1056742-overview</ref>
|-
| Dermatofibroma
| +
| +
| +
|-
| [[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]]
| +
| -
| -
|}

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]

File:800px-Ovarian clear cell carcinoma - very high mag.jpg

2013-03-19T15:18:54Z

Shivali Marketkar:

File:734px-Choroid plexus papilloma micrograph.jpg

2013-03-19T15:09:37Z

Shivali Marketkar:

File:Plexuspapillom Makroskopie.png

2013-03-19T15:06:39Z

Shivali Marketkar:

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia pathophysiology

2013-03-18T13:53:50Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Choriocarcinoma}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{SM}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Pathophysiology==

===Microscopic Pathology===
On [[light microscopy]], there is malignant [[trophoblast]]ic proliferation without hydropic villi.Characteristic feature is the identification of intimately related [[syncytiotrophoblast]]s and [[cytotrophoblast]]s without formation of definite placental type villi.Syncytiotrophoblasts are large multi-nucleated cells with [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]. They often surround the cytotrophoblasts, reminiscent of their normal anatomical relationship in [[chorionic villi]]. Cytotrophoblasts are polyhedral, mononuclear cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and a clear or pale cytoplasm. Extensive [[hemorrhage]] is a common finding.Shown below is an image of choriocarcinoma.(High mag|H&E stain)

[[Image:800px-Choriocarcinoma_-2-_very_high_mag.jpg‎|200px]]

The Image shows:

Choriocarcinomas consist of two cell populations:
#[[w:cytotrophoblast|Cytotrophoblasts]].
#*Pale/clear cytoplasm.
#[[w:Syncytiotrophoblast|Syncytiotrophoblasts]].
#*Hyperchromatic cytoplasm.
#*Typically multinucleated.

Traditionally, the syncytiotrophoblasts are said to produce the beta-hCG;<ref name=pmid20735820>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cole | first1 = LA. | title = Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules. | journal = Reprod Biol Endocrinol | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 102 | month = | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7827-8-102 | PMID = 20735820 | PMC = 2936313 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936313/ }}</ref>however, it has been determined that cytotrophoblast also produce some.<ref name=pmid12242037>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kovalevskaya | first1 = G. | last2 = Genbacev | first2 = O. | last3 = Fisher | first3 = SJ. | last4 = Caceres | first4 = E. | last5 = O'Connor | first5 = JF. | title = Trophoblast origin of hCG isoforms: cytotrophoblasts are the primary source of choriocarcinoma-like hCG. | journal = Mol Cell Endocrinol | volume = 194 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 147-55 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12242037 }}</ref>The syncytiotrophoblasts are often arranged around the outside of cytotrophoblast cell clusters, reminicent of the arrangement in the [[w:placenta|placenta]]. On placental [[w:Chorionic_villi|villi]], the syncytiotrophoblasts are superficial to and, early in [[w:pregnancy|pregnancy]], cover the cytotrophoblast.Choriocarcinoma is classified as a [[w:germ cell tumour|germ cell tumour]]. It can arise in the [[w:testis|testis]] or [[w:ovary|ovary]] and from a [[w:hydatidiform mole|hydatidiform mole]]. It may be part of a [[w:mixed germ cell tumour|mixed germ cell tumour]].

===Video===

{{#ev:youtube|X6PZ0nRM554}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

2013-03-18T13:44:49Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Choriocarcinoma}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{SM}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Pathophysiology==

===Microscopic Pathology===
On [[light microscopy]], there is malignant [[trophoblast]]ic proliferation without hydropic villi.Characteristic feature is the identification of intimately related [[syncytiotrophoblast]]s and [[cytotrophoblast]]s without formation of definite placental type villi.

Syncytiotrophoblasts are large multi-nucleated cells with [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]. They often surround the cytotrophoblasts, reminiscent of their normal anatomical relationship in [[chorionic villi]]. Cytotrophoblasts are polyhedral, mononuclear cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and a clear or pale cytoplasm. Extensive [[hemorrhage]] is a common finding.Shown below is an image of choriocarcinoma.

[[Image:800px-Choriocarcinoma_-2-_very_high_mag.jpg‎|200px]]

The Image shows:
Choriocarcinomas consist of two cell populations:
#[[w:cytotrophoblast|Cytotrophoblasts]].
#*Pale/clear cytoplasm.
#[[w:Syncytiotrophoblast|Syncytiotrophoblasts]].
#*Hyperchromatic cytoplasm.
#*Typically multinucleated.

Traditionally, the syncytiotrophoblasts are said to produce the beta-hCG;<ref name=pmid20735820>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cole | first1 = LA. | title = Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules. | journal = Reprod Biol Endocrinol | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 102 | month = | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7827-8-102 | PMID = 20735820 | PMC = 2936313 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936313/ }}</ref>however, it has been determined that cytotrophoblast also produce some.<ref name=pmid12242037>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kovalevskaya | first1 = G. | last2 = Genbacev | first2 = O. | last3 = Fisher | first3 = SJ. | last4 = Caceres | first4 = E. | last5 = O'Connor | first5 = JF. | title = Trophoblast origin of hCG isoforms: cytotrophoblasts are the primary source of choriocarcinoma-like hCG. | journal = Mol Cell Endocrinol | volume = 194 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 147-55 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12242037 }}</ref>

The syncytiotrophoblasts are often arranged around the outside of cytotrophoblast cell clusters, reminicent of the arrangement in the [[w:placenta|placenta]]. On placental [[w:Chorionic_villi|villi]], the syncytiotrophoblasts are superficial to and, early in [[w:pregnancy|pregnancy]], cover the cytotrophoblast.

Choriocarcinoma is classified as a [[w:germ cell tumour|germ cell tumour]]. It can arise in the [[w:testis|testis]] or [[w:ovary|ovary]] and from a [[w:hydatidiform mole|hydatidiform mole]]. It may be part of a [[w:mixed germ cell tumour|mixed germ cell tumour]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia pathophysiology

2013-03-18T13:42:56Z

Shivali Marketkar:

2013-03-13T18:06:51Z

Shivali Marketkar:

File:800px-Papillary craniopharyngioma - high mag.jpg

2013-03-13T18:05:09Z

Shivali Marketkar:

2013-03-13T15:22:30Z

Shivali Marketkar:

Chondrosarcoma classification

2013-03-13T15:21:42Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Chondrosarcoma}}
{{CMG}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Classification==
===Classification and Grading===
Physicians grade chondrosarcoma using several criteria, but particularly on how abnormal the cancerous cells appear under the microscope, and the growth rate of the tumors themselves, both of which are directly linked to the propensity of the cancer to invade locally, and to spread widely to distant organs and sites in the body (called [[metastasis]]).

Grade 1 chondrosarcoma grows relatively slowly, has cells whose [[histological]] appearance is quite similar to cells of normal cartilage, and have much less aggressive invasive and metastatic properties. Grades 2 and 3 are increasingly faster-growing cancers, with more varied and abnormal-looking cells, and are much more likely to infiltrate surrounding tissues, lymph nodes, and organs. Some, but not all, authorities and medical facilities assign a "Grade 4" to the most [[anaplastic]], undifferentiated cartilage-derived tumors.

The most common sites for chondrosarcoma to grow are the pelvis and shoulder, along with the superior [[metaphysis|metaphysial]] and [[diaphysis|diaphysial]] regions of the arms and legs.<ref name="urlChondrosarcoma : Cancerbackup">{{cite web |url=http://www.cancerbacup.org.uk/Cancertype/Bone/Typesofbonecancer/Chondrosarcoma#3340 |title=Chondrosarcoma : Cancerbackup |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref> However, chondrosarcoma may occur in any bone, and are sometimes found in the skull, particularly at its base.

[[ICD-O]] codes provide a more precise classification of chondrosarcoma. These "subtypes" are derived from, and reflect, both (a) the topographical location of the tumor, (b) the histological characteristics of the cancerous cartilage cells, and (c) the makeup of the surrounding matrix material associated with the tumor:

* 9220 = Chondrosarcoma NOS ("Not Otherwise Specified")
* 9221 = [[Juxtacortical chondrosarcoma]]
* 9231 = [[Myxoid chondrosarcoma]]
* 9240 = [[Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma]]
* 9242 = [[Clear cell chondrosarcoma]]
* 9243 = [[Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]

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Chondrosarcoma pathophysiology

2013-03-13T15:18:56Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Chondrosarcoma}}
{{CMG}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
===Video===
Below is a video of Extraskeletal Myxoid chondrosarcoma
{{#ev:youtube|DxljkFd9xew}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]

[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]

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Chondroma pathophysiology

2013-03-13T13:45:26Z

Shivali Marketkar:

__NOTOC__
{{Chondroma}}
{{CMG}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Pathophysiology==

===Video===
{{#ev:youtube|FLqr7Ld5-qc}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

[[Category:needs overview]]

[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Chondroma classification

2013-03-13T13:42:37Z

Shivali Marketkar:

{{Chondroma}}
{{CMG}};'''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' Somal Khan

==Overview==
Chondromas are classified according to their location.
[[Endochondromas]] : Tumor grows within the bone and expands it.
[[Ecchondroma]] - grows outward from the bone and this is rare. [[Periosteal]] chondomas are on the surface of the bone and other chondromas form in soft tissues.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]

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{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Chondroma classification

2013-03-13T13:42:26Z

Shivali Marketkar:

Chondroma classification

2013-03-13T13:42:12Z

Shivali Marketkar:

{{Chondroma}}
{{CMG}};'''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' Somal Khan

==Overview==
Chondromas are classified according to their location.
[[Endochondromas]] : Tumor grows within the bone and expands it.
[[Ecchondroma]] - grows outward from the bone and this is rare. [[Periosteal]] chondomas are on the surface of the bone and other chondromas form in soft tissues.

==Video==
{{#ev:youtube|FLqr7Ld5-qc}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}