__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[Nocturia (patient information)|here]]'''

{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = Nocturia |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|35||r|30}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|788.43}} |
}}
{{Search infobox}}
{{SCC}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}}

==Overview==
'''Nocturia''' (derived from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''nox, night'', and [[Greek language|Greek]] ''[τα] ούρα, urine''), also called '''nycturia''' (Greek ''νυκτουρία''), is the need to get up during the night in order to urinate, thus interrupting sleep. Its occurrence is more frequent in the elderly. Nocturia could result simply from too much liquid intake before going to bed, or it could be a symptom of a larger problem, such as [[chronic renal failure]], [[urinary incontinence]], [[Interstitial Cystitis]], [[diabetes]], [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]<ref>[http://www.emoryhealthcare.org/departments/urology/sub_menu/upj.html Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction desc.]</ref> or [[prostate cancer]].

==Historical Perspective==
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

==Pathophysiology==
*It is thought that [[nocturia]] is caused by a number of factors, including<ref name="pmid21355977">{{cite journal| author=Gulur DM, Mevcha AM, Drake MJ| title=Nocturia as a manifestation of systemic disease. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2011 | volume= 107 | issue= 5 | pages= 702-713 | pmid=21355977 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09763.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21355977 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23526404">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP| title=Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. | journal=Rev Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=23526404 | doi= | pmc=3602727 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23526404 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19226359">{{cite journal| author=Schneider T, de la Rosette JJ, Michel MC| title=Nocturia: a non-specific but important symptom of urological disease. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2009 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 249-56 | pmid=19226359 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02246.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19226359 }} </ref>
**[[urological]] disorders
***abnormalities of [[bladder]] capacity
***[[prostate]] enlargement
**[[urine]] overproduction due to
*** depletion of [[third-space]] fluid in [[overload]] states following a recumbent position during sleep
***overproduction of [[atrial natriuretic peptide]] (ANP) caused by
****[[sleep apnea]]
****[[congestive heart failure]]
*** deficiency or dysfunction of [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH) or [[arginine vasopressin]] (AVP)
***[[medications]] such as [[diuretics]]
***[[behavioral]] factors such as high water intake at night
*AVP regulates [[urine]] production by [[antidiuretic]] effects in the collecting system in the [[kidneys]], resulted in<ref name="pmid23526404">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP| title=Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. | journal=Rev Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=23526404 | doi= | pmc=3602727 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23526404 }} </ref>
**increasing water reabsorption
**decreasing [[urine volume]]
*AVP deficiency or AVP dysfunction leads to decreasing [[urine]] concentration, increasing [[urine volume]] and [[nocturia]]. <ref name="pmid23526404">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP| title=Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. | journal=Rev Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=23526404 | doi= | pmc=3602727 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23526404 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19226359">{{cite journal| author=Schneider T, de la Rosette JJ, Michel MC| title=Nocturia: a non-specific but important symptom of urological disease. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2009 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 249-56 | pmid=19226359 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02246.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19226359 }} </ref>

==Causes==

===Causes by Pathogenesis===

{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | |B01=Causes of Nocturia}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | C03 |C01=Due to Hormonal imbalance|C03=Due to Vesical problems}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | | | | D05 |D01=Global Polyuria|D02=Nocturanl Polyuria|D03=Sleep disorders|D05=Bladder storage disorders}}
{{familytree/end}}

====Causes Due to Hormonal Imbalance====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 30%;" | Global Polyuria
! style="width: 35%;" | Nocturnal Polyuria
! style="width: 35%;" | Sleep disorders
|-
| valign = top |
Defined as a 24-hour urine volume that exceeds 3 liters per day (or 40 mL per kg). The common causes of global polyuria are
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]- caused by low levels of [[Insulin]]
*[[Diabetes insipidus]]- caused by low levels of [[AVP]]
| valign = top |
Nocturnal polyuria is defined as an increase in urine production during the night but with a proportional decrease in daytime urine production that results in a normal 24-hour urine volume. Nocturnal polyuria may be due to age-related changes in the secretion and action of [[arginine vasopressin]] [[(AVP)]]. There is a diurnal periodicity in AVP release in young, healthy subjects, with higher [[AVP]] plasma levels in the evening contributing to decreased nighttime urine output. The diurnal variation in [[AVP]] release is absent in many older people. Compared with the normal patients, nocturia patients have a nocturnal decrease in [[AVP]] level. Other causes of nocturnal polyuria include diseases such as
*[[congestive heart failure]],
*[[nephrotic syndrome]] and
*[[Hepatic failure]] or
*lifestyle patterns such as excessive nighttime drinking.
| valign = top |
Sleep disorders have been demonstrated to be a frequent cause of nocturia in men younger than 50 years and in women with symptoms of daytime overactive bladder syndrome. Primary sleep disorders may result in nocturia either because of hormonal changes related to sleep-disordered breathing or due to patient misperception of the reason for awakening due to the sleep disturbance but recall this as an awakening to void.
e.g.
*[[Sleep apnea|Obstructive sleep apnea]]([[OSA]])
*[[Restless leg syndrome]]
[[OSA]] may also cause nocturnal polyuria by release of [[atrial natriuretic peptide]] ([[ANP]]).
|}

====Causes Due to Vesical Problems====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 20%;" | Bladder storage disorder
|-
| valign = top |
Reduced bladder capacity or impaired bladder function results in low-volume voids. Most common causes of low-volume bladder voids are
*[[Overactive bladder]] (e.g. [[Urge incontinence]])
*[[Bladder outlet obstruction]] (e.g. [[BPH]])
|}

===Causes by Organ System===

{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Heart failure]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bicalutamide]], [[Cardiac glycosides]], [[Demeclocycline]], [[Diuretics]], [[Vitamin D|Excessive vitamin D intake]], [[Lithium]], [[Methoxyflurane]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Propoxyphene]], [[Tiagabine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Liver failure]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[UTI|Recurrent UTI]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Detrusor hyperactivity]], [[Diabetes insipidus]], [[Neurogenic bladder ]], [[Parkinson disease]], [[Restless leg syndrome]], [[Urge incontinence]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[Obesity]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prostate cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety disorders]], [[Depression]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Polydipsia|Primary polydipsia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Diabetes insipidus]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Bladder outlet obstruction]], [[Detrusor hyperactivity]], [[Prostatitis|Granulomatous prostatitis]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[Neurogenic bladder]], [[Prostate cancer]], [[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Paruresis|Learned voiding dysfunction]], [[Venous insufficiency]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|

*[[Anxiety disorders]]
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
*[[Bicalutamide]]
*[[Bladder outlet obstruction]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Demeclocycline]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Detrusor hyperactivity]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Vitamin D|Excessive vitamin D intake]]
*[[Prostatitis|Granulomatous prostatitis]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Learned voiding dysfunction]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Methoxyflurane]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Neurogenic bladder ]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea ]]
*[[Parkinson disease]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Primary hyperaldosteronism]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Polydipsia|Primary polydipsia]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[UTI|Recurrent UTI]]
*[[Restless leg syndrome]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]
*[[Urge incontinence]]
*[[Venous insufficiency]]
}}
==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*The prevalence of [[nocturia]] ≥ 1 voids is approximately 69000 per 100,000 [[men]] aged ≥ 40 years and 76000 per 100,000 [[women]] aged ≥ 40 years in the United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden. <ref name="pmid19302497">{{cite journal| author=Coyne KS, Wein AJ, Tubaro A, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, Kopp ZS | display-authors=etal| title=The burden of lower urinary tract symptoms: evaluating the effect of LUTS on health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression: EpiLUTS. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2009 | volume= 103 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= 4-11 | pmid=19302497 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08371.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19302497 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23526404">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP| title=Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. | journal=Rev Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=23526404 | doi= | pmc=3602727 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23526404 }} </ref>
*The prevalence of [[nocturia]] ≥ 2 voids in population aged 20-30 years is approximately 4000 to 18000 per 100,000 women and 2000 to 17000 per 100,000 men. <ref name="pmid20620395">{{cite journal| author=Bosch JL, Weiss JP| title=The prevalence and causes of nocturia. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=20620395 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620395 }} </ref>
*The prevalence of [[nocturia]] ≥ 2 voids in population aged 70-80 years is 28000 to 62000 per 100,000 women and 29000 to 59000 per 100,000 men. <ref name="pmid20620395">{{cite journal| author=Bosch JL, Weiss JP| title=The prevalence and causes of nocturia. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=20620395 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620395 }} </ref>
* The prevalence of [[nocturia]] ≥ 2 voids in in Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom is 13000 to 17000 per 100,000 individuals aged < 40 years and 20000 to 21000 per 100,000 middle-aged populations and 35000 to 36000 per 100,000 individuals aged ≥ 60 years. <ref name="pmid17049716">{{cite journal| author=Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S | display-authors=etal| title=Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. | journal=Eur Urol | year= 2006 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1306-14; discussion 1314-5 | pmid=17049716 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.09.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17049716 }} </ref>

*The incidence of [[nocturia]] increases with age. <ref name="pmid20620395">{{cite journal| author=Bosch JL, Weiss JP| title=The prevalence and causes of nocturia. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=20620395 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620395 }} </ref>
*[[Nocturia]] can affect younger people as 1 from 5 or 6 younger population wake up at least two times per night to void. <ref name="pmid20620395">{{cite journal| author=Bosch JL, Weiss JP| title=The prevalence and causes of nocturia. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=20620395 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620395 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17049716">{{cite journal| author=Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S | display-authors=etal| title=Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. | journal=Eur Urol | year= 2006 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1306-14; discussion 1314-5 | pmid=17049716 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.09.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17049716 }} </ref>
* [[non-Hispanic black]] men are more likely to develop [[nocturia]]. <ref name="pmid21251675">{{cite journal| author=Markland AD, Vaughan CP, Johnson TM, Goode PS, Redden DT, Burgio KL| title=Prevalence of nocturia in United States men: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. | journal=J Urol | year= 2011 | volume= 185 | issue= 3 | pages= 998-1002 | pmid=21251675 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.10.083 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21251675 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23526404">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP| title=Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences. | journal=Rev Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=23526404 | doi= | pmc=3602727 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23526404 }} </ref>
*[[nocturia]] affects men and women equally. However, [[nocturia]] incidence are more in young women than young men, and also old men are more likely to develop [[nocturia]] than old women. <ref name="pmid16086673">{{cite journal| author=Hunskaar S| title=Epidemiology of nocturia. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2005 | volume= 96 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= 4-7 | pmid=16086673 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05650.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16086673 }} </ref>

==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of [[nocturia]] include<ref name="pmid26351086">{{cite journal| author=Madhu C, Coyne K, Hashim H, Chapple C, Milsom I, Kopp Z| title=Nocturia: risk factors and associated comorbidities; findings from the EpiLUTS study. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2015 | volume= 69 | issue= 12 | pages= 1508-16 | pmid=26351086 | doi=10.1111/ijcp.12727 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26351086 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15147543">{{cite journal| author=Yoshimura K, Terada N, Matsui Y, Terai A, Kinukawa N, Arai Y| title=Prevalence of and risk factors for nocturia: Analysis of a health screening program. | journal=Int J Urol | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 282-7 | pmid=15147543 | doi=10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00791.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15147543 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15935026">{{cite journal| author=Johnson TM, Sattin RW, Parmelee P, Fultz NH, Ouslander JG| title=Evaluating potentially modifiable risk factors for prevalent and incident nocturia in older adults. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2005 | volume= 53 | issue= 6 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=15935026 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53321.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15935026 }} </ref>
**[[aging]]
**Hispanic and Black race
**history of [[nocturia]] during childhood
**history of pre-existing conditions
***[[Diabetes mellitus]]
***[[Diabetes insipidus]]
***[[Hypertension]]
***[[Arthritis]]
*** [[Airway disease]] such as [[Asthma]]
**history of psychological disease
***[[Depression]]
***[[Anxiety disorders]]
**history of [[diuretic]] intake
* Potent risk factors in the development of [[nocturia]] in men include<ref name="pmid26351086">{{cite journal| author=Madhu C, Coyne K, Hashim H, Chapple C, Milsom I, Kopp Z| title=Nocturia: risk factors and associated comorbidities; findings from the EpiLUTS study. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2015 | volume= 69 | issue= 12 | pages= 1508-16 | pmid=26351086 | doi=10.1111/ijcp.12727 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26351086 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15935026">{{cite journal| author=Johnson TM, Sattin RW, Parmelee P, Fultz NH, Ouslander JG| title=Evaluating potentially modifiable risk factors for prevalent and incident nocturia in older adults. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2005 | volume= 53 | issue= 6 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=15935026 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53321.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15935026 }} </ref>
** [[prostatitis]]
** [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
** [[prostate cancer]]
* Potent risk factors in the development of [[nocturia]] in women include<ref name="pmid26351086">{{cite journal| author=Madhu C, Coyne K, Hashim H, Chapple C, Milsom I, Kopp Z| title=Nocturia: risk factors and associated comorbidities; findings from the EpiLUTS study. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2015 | volume= 69 | issue= 12 | pages= 1508-16 | pmid=26351086 | doi=10.1111/ijcp.12727 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26351086 }} </ref>
**high [[BMI]]
** [[Heart disease]]
**[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
**[[Uterine prolapse]]
**[[Hysterectomy]]
**[[Menopause]]
**recurrent [[UTI]]

==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

===History and Symptoms===
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

===Physical Examination===
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
===Laboratory Findings===
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

===Electrocardiogram===
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR

The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

===Primary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

===Secondary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[Polyuria]]
* [[Enuresis]]

[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]

Nocturia

2020-11-16T04:30:49Z

NNikravangolsefid: /* Epidemiology and Demographics */

Nocturia

2020-11-08T02:05:42Z

NNikravangolsefid: /* Pathophysiology */

2020-10-28T10:03:56Z

NNikravangolsefid: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Urinary incontinence}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. {{CMG}}; {{NN}} ==..."

__NOTOC__
{{Urinary incontinence}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{CMG}}; {{NN}}

==Overview==
According to the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI), screening for [[urinary incontinence]] is recommended every year among women.
==Screening in urinary incontinence ==
* According to the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI), screening for [[urinary incontinence]] is recommended every year among women. <ref name="O'ReillyNelson2018">{{cite journal|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Nancy|last2=Nelson|first2=Heidi D.|last3=Conry|first3=Jeanne M.|last4=Frost|first4=Jennifer|last5=Gregory|first5=Kimberly D.|last6=Kendig|first6=Susan M.|last7=Phipps|first7=Maureen|last8=Salganicoff|first8=Alina|last9=Ramos|first9=Diana|last10=Zahn|first10=Christopher|last11=Qaseem|first11=Amir|title=Screening for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=169|issue=5|year=2018|pages=320|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/M18-0595}}</ref>
**Screening includes asking questions from women about [[urinary incontinence]] [[symptoms]], identifying the type and severity of [[incontinence]] and recognizing functional impairment and its effect on quality of life. <ref name="O'ReillyNelson2018">{{cite journal|last1=O'Reilly|first1=Nancy|last2=Nelson|first2=Heidi D.|last3=Conry|first3=Jeanne M.|last4=Frost|first4=Jennifer|last5=Gregory|first5=Kimberly D.|last6=Kendig|first6=Susan M.|last7=Phipps|first7=Maureen|last8=Salganicoff|first8=Alina|last9=Ramos|first9=Diana|last10=Zahn|first10=Christopher|last11=Qaseem|first11=Amir|title=Screening for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=169|issue=5|year=2018|pages=320|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/M18-0595}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs English Review]]

Urinary incontinence x ray

2020-10-28T09:14:43Z

NNikravangolsefid:

__NOTOC__
{{Urinary incontinence}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{CMG}}; {{NN}}

==Overview==
There are no x-ray findings associated with [[urinary incontinence]]

==Key X-Ray Findings in urinary incontinence ==
*There are no x-ray findings associated with [[urinary incontinence]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs English Review]]