wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Dyspepsia history and symptoms

2013-06-14T13:38:58Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* History and Symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Dyspepsia}}
{{CMG}}

==History and Symptoms==
* A pain or a burning feeling in the upper portion of the [[stomach]]
* Feeling sick to one's stomach; [[nausea]]
* Feeling bloated
* Sometimes uncontrollable [[burping]]
* [[Heartburn]]
* Feeling feverish
* A bitter taste in the mouth from stomach acid coming up into the [[esophagus]]
* Rumbling in the stomach
* Sense of fullness after eating
* A feeling as though something is lodged in the esophagus
* Pain and discomfort at the [[Xiphoid process|xiphoid]] region
* Sudden [[chills]], comparable to those felt during fevers

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Oncologic emergencies

2013-06-13T15:28:38Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Chest X Ray */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor in Chief:''' {{CZ}}
==Classification==
There are two different classifications of oncologic emergencies.

# According to presentation
# According to organs or systems

===According to Presentation===
====Presenting Emergencies====
* [[APML]] [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
* [[Hyperleukocytosis]]
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[SVC syndrome]]
====Therapy-associated Emergencies====
* [[Fever]] and [[Neutropenia]]
* [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
* [[Typhilitis]]

===According to Organ Systems===
====Metabolic Emergencies====
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]
* [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]

====Cardiac Emergencies====

* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Superior vena cava syndrome]]

====Hematologic Emergencies====

* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]]
* [[Migratory thrombophlebitis]]: [[Trousseau's syndrome]]

====Neurologic Emergencies====
* [[Cord compression]]
* [[Intracerebral metastases]]

==Diagnosis==
===Chest X Ray===
Show below is a chest x ray demonstrating a mediastinal mass.
<gallery>
Image:Mediastinal mass.jpg|Mediastinal mass
</gallery>

===CT===
<gallery>
Image:CT Thickened peritoneum and ascites.png|CT: Thickened peritoneum and [[ascites]]. [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
Image:CT Burkitts lymphoma.png|CT: [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
Image:CT Typhilitis.jpg|CT: [[Typhilitis]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

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Oncologic emergencies

2013-06-13T15:27:59Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Diagnosis */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor in Chief:''' {{CZ}}
==Classification==
There are two different classifications of oncologic emergencies.

# According to presentation
# According to organs or systems

===According to Presentation===
====Presenting Emergencies====
* [[APML]] [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
* [[Hyperleukocytosis]]
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[SVC syndrome]]
====Therapy-associated Emergencies====
* [[Fever]] and [[Neutropenia]]
* [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
* [[Typhilitis]]

===According to Organ Systems===
====Metabolic Emergencies====
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]
* [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]

====Cardiac Emergencies====

* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Superior vena cava syndrome]]

====Hematologic Emergencies====

* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]]
* [[Migratory thrombophlebitis]]: [[Trousseau's syndrome]]

====Neurologic Emergencies====
* [[Cord compression]]
* [[Intracerebral metastases]]

==Diagnosis==
===Chest X Ray===
Show below is a chest x ray demonstrating a mediastinal mass.
[[Image:Mediastinal mass.jpg|Mediastinal mass|left|150px]]

===CT===
<gallery>
Image:CT Thickened peritoneum and ascites.png|CT: Thickened peritoneum and [[ascites]]. [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
Image:CT Burkitts lymphoma.png|CT: [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
Image:CT Typhilitis.jpg|CT: [[Typhilitis]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

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Oligoarthritis

2013-06-13T15:19:33Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Pseudogout */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
'''Oligoarthritis''' is a type of [[arthritis]] defined by inflammation of two to four [[joint]]s. It is also a name for a common form of [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]] called pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. ''Olig'' is [[Latin language|Latin]] for "few," differentiating it from [[polyarthritis]], which affects five or more joints, and [[monoarthritis]], which typically only affects one.
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
====Septic Arthritis====
[[Septic arthritis]] is due to a bacterial infection to the joint. It requires urgent joint washout in the [[operating room]] followed by [[intravenous]] [[antibiotic]] therapy for large joints. Small joints or children can be treated with repeated aspirations and [[intravenous]] [[antibiotics]].
====Gout====
In ''[[gout]]'', the acute inflammatory arthritis is caused by excess [[uric acid]] caused by either overproduction or under-excretion. Before the age of [[menopause]], women have a lower [[incidence]] than [[male]]s, but the rates are equal above this age. Gout can cause mono- or polyarthritis, but usually results in monoarthritis first.
====Pseudogout====
When monoarthritis is caused by ''[[pseudogout]]'' (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, CPPD), the inflammation usually lasts days to weeks, and involves the [[knee]]s in half of all attacks. Like gout, attacks can occur.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

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Nevus

2013-06-13T15:03:02Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Classification */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = Nevus.jpg |
Caption = Photograph of a nevus on an arm |

}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

{{SK}} Naevus

==Overview==
'''Nevus''' is a general term that refers to a number of different (usually benign) pigmented lesions of the skin. Most [[birthmark]]s and [[Mole (skin marking)|moles]] are placed into the category of nevi.

==Classification==
* [[mole (skin marking)|Melanocytic nevus]]: Nevus cells are normally localized in the basal layer of the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]. Their proliferation may appear in the form of a:
** Junctional nevus: Located just superficial to the junction of the [[epithelium]] and the underlying [[connective tissue]]. A junctional nevus is flat and is not detected by palpation.
** Compound nevus: Located within the interface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. A compound nevus is raised and solid.
** Intradermal nevus: The most common lesion of the skin, these lie exclusively within the dermis. They are regular and round, their cells having a central [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] and single [[nucleolus]]. Some melanocytes may present [[melanin]] pigment in the cytoplasm (dark-brown, granular).
** Intramucosal nevus: Although all oral nevi are rare, intramucosal nevi are the most commonly seen there, as they are found most frequently on the hard palate.
** [[Spider angioma]], also known as nevus araneus
* [[Dysplastic nevus]]
* [[Blue nevus]]
* [[Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome]]
* Nevus flammeus ([[port-wine stain]])
* Giant hairy nevus: These large pigmented (often hairy) congenital nevi are important because of their increased risk (10 to 15%) of conversion into malignant melanoma.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Epithelial neoplasms}}

[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[category:primary care]]

[[de:Nävus]]
[[es:Nevus]]
[[fr:Nævus]]
[[it:Nevo]]
[[la:Naevus]]
[[ja:母斑]]
[[pl:Znamię]]
[[pt:Nevo]]

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Nevus

2013-06-13T15:02:12Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Classification */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = Nevus.jpg |
Caption = Photograph of a nevus on an arm |

}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

{{SK}} Naevus

==Overview==
'''Nevus''' is a general term that refers to a number of different (usually benign) pigmented lesions of the skin. Most [[birthmark]]s and [[Mole (skin marking)|moles]] are placed into the category of nevi.

==Classification==
* [[mole (skin marking)|Melanocytic nevus]]: Nevus cells are normally localized in the basal layer of the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]. Their proliferation may appear in the form of a:
** Junctional nevus: Located just superficial to the junction of the [[epithelium]] and the underlying [[connective tissue]]. A junctional nevus is flat and is not detected by palpation.
** Compound nevus: Located within the interface of the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. A compound nevus is raised and solid.
** Intradermal nevus: The most common lesion of the skin, these lie exclusively within the dermis. They are regular and round, their cells having a central [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] and single [[nucleolus]]. Some melanocytes may present [[melanin]] pigment in the cytoplasm (dark-brown, granular).
** Intramucosal nevus: Although all oral nevi are rare, intramucosal nevi are the most commonly seen there, as they are found most frequently on the hard palate.
** [[Spider angioma]], also known as nevus araneus
* [[Dysplastic nevus]]
* [[Blue nevus]]
* [[Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome]]
* Nevus flammeus ([[port-wine stain]])
* Giant Hairy Nevus: These large pigmented (often hairy) congenital nevi are important because of their increased risk (10 to 15%) of conversion into malignant melanoma.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Epithelial neoplasms}}

[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[category:primary care]]

[[de:Nävus]]
[[es:Nevus]]
[[fr:Nævus]]
[[it:Nevo]]
[[la:Naevus]]
[[ja:母斑]]
[[pl:Znamię]]
[[pt:Nevo]]

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Low-grade fever

2013-06-13T14:46:11Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{CMG}}

{{SK}} Low grade fever
==Overview==
Low-grade fever is a continuous or fluctuating low [[fever]], typically defined as never exceeding 38.5 degrees Celsius (about 101 degrees Fahrenheit). It is a non-specific finding, but occurs in many diseases, ranging from [[infectious disease|infectious]] ([[virus|viral]] diseases or [[infective endocarditis]]) to [[Autoimmune disorder|autoimmune]] to [[cancer|malignant]] causes.

A persistent low grade fever can be a sign of many illnesses.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Related Chapters==
*[[Fever]]
*[[Fever of unknown origin|Fever of Unknown Origin]]

[[id:Demam rendah]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

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Live birth

2013-06-13T14:43:05Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

''For organisms where the embryo develops inside the mother as opposed to an egg, see [[vivipary]].''
==Overview==
A live birth occurs when a [[fetus]], whatever its [[gestational age]], exits the [[maternal]] body and subsequently shows any sign of life, such as [[voluntary muscle|voluntary movement]], [[heartbeat]], or pulsation of the [[umbilical cord]], for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or [[placenta]] are intact.<ref>World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth Revision. Vol 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1993:129.</ref>

==Historical Perspective==

This definition of the term "live birth" was created by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[1950]] and is chiefly used for public health and [[statistics|statistical]] purposes. Whether the [[childbirth|birth]] is [[vagina]]l or by [[Caesarean section]], and whether the [[neonate]] is ultimately viable, is not relevant to this statistical definition. However, the term "live birth" was in common use long before 1950.

In the United States, the term "born alive" is defined by federal statute.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Related Chapters==
*[[Abortion]]
*[[Born alive rule|Born Alive Rule]]
*[[Childbirth]]
*[[Ectopic pregnancy|Ectopic Pregnancy]]
*[[Maternal death|Maternal Death]]
*[[Molar pregnancy|Molar Pregnancy]]
*[[Perinatal death|Perinatal Death]]
*[[Spontaneous abortion|Spontaneous Abortion]]
*[[Stillbirth]]
*[[Sudden infant death syndrome|Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]

[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

Live birth

2013-06-13T14:42:39Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Related Chapters */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

''For organisms where the embryo develops inside the mother as opposed to an egg, see [[vivipary]].''
==Overview==
A live birth occurs when a [[fetus]], whatever its [[gestational age]], exits the [[maternal]] body and subsequently shows any sign of life, such as [[voluntary muscle|voluntary movement]], [[heartbeat]], or pulsation of the [[umbilical cord]], for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or [[placenta]] are intact.<ref>World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth Revision. Vol 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1993:129.</ref>

This definition of the term "live birth" was created by the [[World Health Organization]] in [[1950]] and is chiefly used for public health and [[statistics|statistical]] purposes. Whether the [[childbirth|birth]] is [[vagina]]l or by [[Caesarean section]], and whether the [[neonate]] is ultimately viable, is not relevant to this statistical definition. However, the term "live birth" was in common use long before 1950.

In the United States, the term "born alive" is defined by federal statute.
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Related Chapters==
*[[Abortion]]
*[[Born alive rule|Born Alive Rule]]
*[[Childbirth]]
*[[Ectopic pregnancy|Ectopic Pregnancy]]
*[[Maternal death|Maternal Death]]
*[[Molar pregnancy|Molar Pregnancy]]
*[[Perinatal death|Perinatal Death]]
*[[Spontaneous abortion|Spontaneous Abortion]]
*[[Stillbirth]]
*[[Sudden infant death syndrome|Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]

[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

Back pain

2013-06-13T13:17:04Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Lectures */

__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Back pain}}

{{CMG}}; [[User:Bobby Schwartz|Robert G. Schwartz, M.D.]] [mailto:RGSHEAL@aol.com], [http://www.piedmontpmr.com Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.]; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}

{{SK}} Backache; back ache; notalgia; dorsalgia

==[[Back pain overview|Overview]]==

==[[Back pain historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Back pain pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Back pain causes|Causes]]==

==[[Back pain differential diagnosis|Differentiating Back Pain from other Diseases]]==

==[[Back pain epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Back pain risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Back pain natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[Back pain history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Back pain physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Back pain laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Back pain x ray|X Ray]] | [[Back pain CT|CT]] | [[Back pain MRI|MRI]] | [[Back pain ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Back pain other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Back pain other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[Back pain medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Back pain surgery|Surgery]] | [[Back pain conservative treatment|Conservative Treatment]] | [[Back pain primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Back pain secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Back pain cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Back pain future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Back pain case study one|Case #1]]

==Related Chapters==
* [[Failed back syndrome]]
* [[Low back pain]]
* [[Posterior Rami Syndrome]]
* [[Tension myositis syndrome]]
* [[Upper back pain]]
* [[Pelvic girdle pain | Pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain]]

{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue}}

[[de:Rückenschmerzen]]
[[es:Espalda#Dolor de espalda]]
[[fr:mal de dos]]
[[it:Dorsopatia]]
[[nl:Rugpijn]]
[[pt:Dor nas costas]]
[[simple:back pain]]

[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]

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Back pain

2013-06-13T13:16:26Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Back pain}}

{{CMG}}; [[User:Bobby Schwartz|Robert G. Schwartz, M.D.]] [mailto:RGSHEAL@aol.com], [http://www.piedmontpmr.com Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.]; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}

{{SK}} Backache; back ache; notalgia; dorsalgia

==[[Back pain overview|Overview]]==

==[[Back pain historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Back pain pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Back pain causes|Causes]]==

==[[Back pain differential diagnosis|Differentiating Back Pain from other Diseases]]==

==[[Back pain epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Back pain risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Back pain natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[Back pain history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Back pain physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Back pain laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Back pain x ray|X Ray]] | [[Back pain CT|CT]] | [[Back pain MRI|MRI]] | [[Back pain ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Back pain other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Back pain other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[Back pain medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Back pain surgery|Surgery]] | [[Back pain conservative treatment|Conservative Treatment]] | [[Back pain primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Back pain secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Back pain cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Back pain future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Back pain case study one|Case #1]]

==Lectures==
[[File:Back_Pain.ppt|Back Pain slides]]

==Related Chapters==
* [[Failed back syndrome]]
* [[Low back pain]]
* [[Posterior Rami Syndrome]]
* [[Tension myositis syndrome]]
* [[Upper back pain]]
* [[Pelvic girdle pain | Pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain]]

{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue}}

[[de:Rückenschmerzen]]
[[es:Espalda#Dolor de espalda]]
[[fr:mal de dos]]
[[it:Dorsopatia]]
[[nl:Rugpijn]]
[[pt:Dor nas costas]]
[[simple:back pain]]

[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]

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Back pain

2013-06-13T13:11:08Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Lectures */

Back pain

2013-06-13T13:10:12Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Case Studies */

__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Back pain}}

{{CMG}}; [[User:Bobby Schwartz|Robert G. Schwartz, M.D.]] [mailto:RGSHEAL@aol.com], [http://www.piedmontpmr.com Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.]; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}

{{SK}} Backache; back ache; notalgia; dorsalgia

==[[Back pain overview|Overview]]==

==[[Back pain historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Back pain pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Back pain causes|Causes]]==

==[[Back pain differential diagnosis|Differentiating Back Pain from other Diseases]]==

==[[Back pain epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Back pain risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Back pain natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[Back pain history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Back pain physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Back pain laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Back pain x ray|X Ray]] | [[Back pain CT|CT]] | [[Back pain MRI|MRI]] | [[Back pain ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Back pain other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Back pain other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[Back pain medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Back pain surgery|Surgery]] | [[Back pain conservative treatment|Conservative Treatment]] | [[Back pain primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Back pain secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Back pain cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Back pain future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Back pain case study one|Case #1]]

==Lectures==

[[File:Back_Pain.ppt]]

==Related Chapters==
* [[Failed back syndrome]]
* [[Low back pain]]
* [[Posterior Rami Syndrome]]
* [[Tension myositis syndrome]]
* [[Upper back pain]]
* [[Pelvic girdle pain | Pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain]]

{{Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue}}

[[de:Rückenschmerzen]]
[[es:Espalda#Dolor de espalda]]
[[fr:mal de dos]]
[[it:Dorsopatia]]
[[nl:Rugpijn]]
[[pt:Dor nas costas]]
[[simple:back pain]]

[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

File:Back Pain.ppt

2013-06-13T13:09:06Z

Michael Maddaleni:

Scapular fracture

2013-06-12T17:26:27Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* External Links */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Scapular fracture
| Image =
| Caption =
}}
[[Image:Illu pectoral girdles.jpg|right|thumb|The scapula, on left.]]
[[Image:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|thumb|right|Lateral view of the left scapula]]
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
A scapular fracture is a [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the [[scapula]], the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe [[chest trauma]] may be present.<ref name="Moore03">{{cite book | chapter=Trauma to the chest wall and lung | author=Livingston DH, Hauser CJ | title=Trauma. Fifth Edition | editor=Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL | year=2003 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=0-07-137069-2 | pages=p. 516 }}</ref> High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause, but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other fractures: they include pain, tenderness, and reduced motion of the affected area. Imaging techniques such as X-ray are used to diagnose scapular fracture, but the injury may not be noticed in part because it is so frequently accompanied by other, severe injuries that demand attention. The injuries that usually accompany scapular fracture generally have the greatest impact on the patient's outcome. However, the injury can also occur by itself; when it does, it does not present a significant threat to life. Treatment involves pain control and immobilizing the affected area, and, later, [[physical therapy]].

==Pathophysiology==
===Anatomy===
The scapula has a body, neck, and spine; any of these may be fractured. The most commonly injured areas are the scapular body, spine, neck, and glenoid rim; the scapular body or neck is injured in about 80% of cases. Fractures that occur in the body may be vertical, horizontal, or comminuted (involving multiple fragments). Those that occur in the neck are usually parallel to the [[Glenoid cavity|glenoid fossa]]. When they occur in the glenoid fossa, fractures are usually small chips out of the bone or extensions of fractures occurring in the scapular neck.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite book| author=Queiroz R, Sucov A |chapter=The clavicle and scapula |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pOGtwBQ9aBMC&pg=PA117&sig=ACfU3U2xI0qiZ2gnk2JryiWBKasdv6QoIg |editor=Schwartz DM, Reisdorff E (eds.)|title=Emergency Radiology |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=pp. 117-134 |isbn=0-07-050827-5 }}</ref>

The scapula is protected from the front by the ribcage and chest, and from the back it is protected by a thick layer of muscles.<ref name="Goss06">
{{
cite book |author=Goss TP, Owens BD|editor=Iannotti JP, Williams GR |chapter=Fractures of the scapula: Diagnosis and treatment|title=Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |pages=794–795|isbn=0-7817-5678-2
}}
</ref> Also, the scapula is able to move, so traumatic forces exerted on it are dissipated, not absorbed by the bone.<ref name="Goss06"/> Thus a large amount of force is required to fracture it.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Causes==
Usually, it takes a large amount of energy to fracture the scapula; the force may be indirect but is more often direct.<ref name="Goss06"/> The scapula is fractured as the result of significant [[blunt trauma]], as occurs in [[vehicle collision]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> About three quarters of cases are caused by high-speed car and motorcycle collisions.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Falls and blows to the shoulder area can also cause the injury.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Crushing injuries (as may occur in railroad or forestry accidents) and sports injuries (as may occur in horseback riding or skiing) can also fracture the scapula.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/> Scapular fracture can result from electrical shocks and from [[seizure]]s: muscles pulling in different directions contract powerfully at the same time.<ref name="Wiedemann00q">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 504. "Scapular fractures may be caused by forceful contraction of divergent muscles elicited by a seizure or by electrical shock." </ref> In [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], the chest is compressed significantly; scapular fracture may occur as a complication of this technique.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Scapular fracture is present in about 1% of cases of [[blunt trauma]]<ref name="Moore03"/> and 3–5% of shoulder injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> An estimated 0.4–1% of bone fractures are scapular fractures.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

The injury is associated with other injuries 80–90% of the time.<ref name="Moore03"/> Scapular fracture is associated with [[pulmonary contusion]] more than 50% of the time.<ref name="Allen96">
{{
cite journal |author=Allen GS, Coates NE |title=Pulmonary contusion: A collective review |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=pp. 895–900 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8895709
}}
</ref> Thus when the scapula is fractured, other injuries such as [[abdominal trauma|abdominal]] and [[chest trauma]] are automatically suspected.<ref name="Moore03"/> People with scapular fractures often also have injuries of the ribs, lung, and shoulder.<ref name="Schwartz"/> [[Pneumothorax]] (an accumulation of air in the [[pleural cavity|the space outside the lung]]), [[clavicle fracture]]s, and injuries to the blood vessels are among the most commonly associated injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> The forces involved in scapular fracture can also cause [[tracheobronchial rupture]], a tear in the airways.<ref name="Hwang96">
{{
cite journal |author= Hwang JCF, Hanowell LH, Grande CM |title=Peri-operative concerns in thoracic trauma |journal= Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology |volume = 10 |issue = 1 |page=123–153 |doi= doi:10.1016/S0950-3501(96)80009-2 | date=1996
}}
</ref> Fractures that occur in the scapular body are the type most likely to be accompanied by other injuries; other bony and soft tissue injuries accompany these fractures 80–95% of the time.<ref name="Goss06"/> Associated injuries can be serious and potentially deadly,<ref name="Goss06"/> and usually it is the associated injuries, rather than the scapular fracture, that have the greatest effect on the outcome.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Scapular fractures can also occur by themselves; when they do, the death rate ([[mortality rate|mortality]]) is not significantly increased.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

The mean age of people affected is 35–45 years.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

==Diagnosis==
===History and Symptoms===
As with other types of fractures, scapular fracture may be associated with pain localized to the area of the fracture, [[tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]], swelling, and [[crepitus]] (the crunching sound of bone ends grinding together).<ref name="Moore03"/> Since scapular fractures impair the motion of the shoulder, a person with a scapular fracture has a reduced ability to move the shoulder joint.<ref name="Wiedemann00">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) pp. 504–507 </ref> Signs and symptoms may be masked by other injuries that accompany the scapular fracture.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

===Chest X ray===
Most fractures of the scapula can be seen on a [[chest X-ray]]; however, they may be missed during examination of the film.<ref name="Moore03"/> Serious associated injuries may distract from the scapular injury,<ref name="Schwartz"/> and diagnosis is often delayed.<ref name="Goss06"/>
Scapular fractures can be detected in the standard chest and shoulder radiographs that are given to patients who have suffered significant [[physical trauma]], but much of the scapula is hidden by the ribs on standard chest [[X-ray]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Therefore, if scapular injury is suspected, more specific images of the scapular area can be taken.<ref name="Schwartz"/>
===CT===
[[Computed tomography]] may also be used.<ref name="Moore03"/>

==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
Treatment involves pain medication and immobilization at first; later, [[physical therapy]] is used.<ref name="Moore03"/> Ice over the affected area may increase comfort.<ref name="Wiedemann00a">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 510 </ref> Movement exercises are begun within at least a week of the injury; with these, fractures with little or no displacement heal without problems.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/>

===Surgery===
Over 90% of scapular fractures are not significantly displaced; therefore, most of these fractures are best managed without surgery.<ref name="Goss06"/> Fractures of the scapular body with displacement may heal with malunion, but even this may not interfere with movement of the affected shoulder.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> However, displaced fractures in the scapular processes or in the glenoid do interfere with movement in the affected shoulder if they are not realigned properly.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Therefore, while most scapular fractures are managed without surgery, surgical reduction is required for fractures in the neck or glenoid; otherwise motion of the shoulder may be impaired.<ref name="MillerLA06">
{{cite journal |author=Miller LA |title=Chest wall, lung, and pleural space trauma |journal=Radiologic Clinics of North America|volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=213–24, viii |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16500204 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2005.10.006
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Chest trauma}}
{{fractures}}

[[Category:Chest trauma]]
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Scapular fracture

2013-06-12T17:25:12Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Treatment */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Scapular fracture
| Image =
| Caption =
}}
[[Image:Illu pectoral girdles.jpg|right|thumb|The scapula, on left.]]
[[Image:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|thumb|right|Lateral view of the left scapula]]
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
A scapular fracture is a [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the [[scapula]], the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe [[chest trauma]] may be present.<ref name="Moore03">{{cite book | chapter=Trauma to the chest wall and lung | author=Livingston DH, Hauser CJ | title=Trauma. Fifth Edition | editor=Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL | year=2003 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=0-07-137069-2 | pages=p. 516 }}</ref> High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause, but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other fractures: they include pain, tenderness, and reduced motion of the affected area. Imaging techniques such as X-ray are used to diagnose scapular fracture, but the injury may not be noticed in part because it is so frequently accompanied by other, severe injuries that demand attention. The injuries that usually accompany scapular fracture generally have the greatest impact on the patient's outcome. However, the injury can also occur by itself; when it does, it does not present a significant threat to life. Treatment involves pain control and immobilizing the affected area, and, later, [[physical therapy]].

==Pathophysiology==
===Anatomy===
The scapula has a body, neck, and spine; any of these may be fractured. The most commonly injured areas are the scapular body, spine, neck, and glenoid rim; the scapular body or neck is injured in about 80% of cases. Fractures that occur in the body may be vertical, horizontal, or comminuted (involving multiple fragments). Those that occur in the neck are usually parallel to the [[Glenoid cavity|glenoid fossa]]. When they occur in the glenoid fossa, fractures are usually small chips out of the bone or extensions of fractures occurring in the scapular neck.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite book| author=Queiroz R, Sucov A |chapter=The clavicle and scapula |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pOGtwBQ9aBMC&pg=PA117&sig=ACfU3U2xI0qiZ2gnk2JryiWBKasdv6QoIg |editor=Schwartz DM, Reisdorff E (eds.)|title=Emergency Radiology |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=pp. 117-134 |isbn=0-07-050827-5 }}</ref>

The scapula is protected from the front by the ribcage and chest, and from the back it is protected by a thick layer of muscles.<ref name="Goss06">
{{
cite book |author=Goss TP, Owens BD|editor=Iannotti JP, Williams GR |chapter=Fractures of the scapula: Diagnosis and treatment|title=Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |pages=794–795|isbn=0-7817-5678-2
}}
</ref> Also, the scapula is able to move, so traumatic forces exerted on it are dissipated, not absorbed by the bone.<ref name="Goss06"/> Thus a large amount of force is required to fracture it.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Causes==
Usually, it takes a large amount of energy to fracture the scapula; the force may be indirect but is more often direct.<ref name="Goss06"/> The scapula is fractured as the result of significant [[blunt trauma]], as occurs in [[vehicle collision]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> About three quarters of cases are caused by high-speed car and motorcycle collisions.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Falls and blows to the shoulder area can also cause the injury.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Crushing injuries (as may occur in railroad or forestry accidents) and sports injuries (as may occur in horseback riding or skiing) can also fracture the scapula.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/> Scapular fracture can result from electrical shocks and from [[seizure]]s: muscles pulling in different directions contract powerfully at the same time.<ref name="Wiedemann00q">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 504. "Scapular fractures may be caused by forceful contraction of divergent muscles elicited by a seizure or by electrical shock." </ref> In [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], the chest is compressed significantly; scapular fracture may occur as a complication of this technique.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Scapular fracture is present in about 1% of cases of [[blunt trauma]]<ref name="Moore03"/> and 3–5% of shoulder injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> An estimated 0.4–1% of bone fractures are scapular fractures.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

The injury is associated with other injuries 80–90% of the time.<ref name="Moore03"/> Scapular fracture is associated with [[pulmonary contusion]] more than 50% of the time.<ref name="Allen96">
{{
cite journal |author=Allen GS, Coates NE |title=Pulmonary contusion: A collective review |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=pp. 895–900 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8895709
}}
</ref> Thus when the scapula is fractured, other injuries such as [[abdominal trauma|abdominal]] and [[chest trauma]] are automatically suspected.<ref name="Moore03"/> People with scapular fractures often also have injuries of the ribs, lung, and shoulder.<ref name="Schwartz"/> [[Pneumothorax]] (an accumulation of air in the [[pleural cavity|the space outside the lung]]), [[clavicle fracture]]s, and injuries to the blood vessels are among the most commonly associated injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> The forces involved in scapular fracture can also cause [[tracheobronchial rupture]], a tear in the airways.<ref name="Hwang96">
{{
cite journal |author= Hwang JCF, Hanowell LH, Grande CM |title=Peri-operative concerns in thoracic trauma |journal= Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology |volume = 10 |issue = 1 |page=123–153 |doi= doi:10.1016/S0950-3501(96)80009-2 | date=1996
}}
</ref> Fractures that occur in the scapular body are the type most likely to be accompanied by other injuries; other bony and soft tissue injuries accompany these fractures 80–95% of the time.<ref name="Goss06"/> Associated injuries can be serious and potentially deadly,<ref name="Goss06"/> and usually it is the associated injuries, rather than the scapular fracture, that have the greatest effect on the outcome.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Scapular fractures can also occur by themselves; when they do, the death rate ([[mortality rate|mortality]]) is not significantly increased.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

The mean age of people affected is 35–45 years.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

==Diagnosis==
===History and Symptoms===
As with other types of fractures, scapular fracture may be associated with pain localized to the area of the fracture, [[tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]], swelling, and [[crepitus]] (the crunching sound of bone ends grinding together).<ref name="Moore03"/> Since scapular fractures impair the motion of the shoulder, a person with a scapular fracture has a reduced ability to move the shoulder joint.<ref name="Wiedemann00">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) pp. 504–507 </ref> Signs and symptoms may be masked by other injuries that accompany the scapular fracture.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

===Chest X ray===
Most fractures of the scapula can be seen on a [[chest X-ray]]; however, they may be missed during examination of the film.<ref name="Moore03"/> Serious associated injuries may distract from the scapular injury,<ref name="Schwartz"/> and diagnosis is often delayed.<ref name="Goss06"/>
Scapular fractures can be detected in the standard chest and shoulder radiographs that are given to patients who have suffered significant [[physical trauma]], but much of the scapula is hidden by the ribs on standard chest [[X-ray]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Therefore, if scapular injury is suspected, more specific images of the scapular area can be taken.<ref name="Schwartz"/>
===CT===
[[Computed tomography]] may also be used.<ref name="Moore03"/>

==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
Treatment involves pain medication and immobilization at first; later, [[physical therapy]] is used.<ref name="Moore03"/> Ice over the affected area may increase comfort.<ref name="Wiedemann00a">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 510 </ref> Movement exercises are begun within at least a week of the injury; with these, fractures with little or no displacement heal without problems.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/>

===Surgery===
Over 90% of scapular fractures are not significantly displaced; therefore, most of these fractures are best managed without surgery.<ref name="Goss06"/> Fractures of the scapular body with displacement may heal with malunion, but even this may not interfere with movement of the affected shoulder.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> However, displaced fractures in the scapular processes or in the glenoid do interfere with movement in the affected shoulder if they are not realigned properly.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Therefore, while most scapular fractures are managed without surgery, surgical reduction is required for fractures in the neck or glenoid; otherwise motion of the shoulder may be impaired.<ref name="MillerLA06">
{{cite journal |author=Miller LA |title=Chest wall, lung, and pleural space trauma |journal=Radiologic Clinics of North America|volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=213–24, viii |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16500204 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2005.10.006
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2007). [http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00359 Fracture of the shoulder blade (scapula)]. Retrieved on 2008-08-03.

{{Chest trauma}}
{{fractures}}

[[Category:Chest trauma]]
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Scapular fracture

2013-06-12T17:23:33Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Signs and symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Scapular fracture
| Image =
| Caption =
}}
[[Image:Illu pectoral girdles.jpg|right|thumb|The scapula, on left.]]
[[Image:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|thumb|right|Lateral view of the left scapula]]
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
A scapular fracture is a [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the [[scapula]], the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe [[chest trauma]] may be present.<ref name="Moore03">{{cite book | chapter=Trauma to the chest wall and lung | author=Livingston DH, Hauser CJ | title=Trauma. Fifth Edition | editor=Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL | year=2003 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=0-07-137069-2 | pages=p. 516 }}</ref> High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause, but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other fractures: they include pain, tenderness, and reduced motion of the affected area. Imaging techniques such as X-ray are used to diagnose scapular fracture, but the injury may not be noticed in part because it is so frequently accompanied by other, severe injuries that demand attention. The injuries that usually accompany scapular fracture generally have the greatest impact on the patient's outcome. However, the injury can also occur by itself; when it does, it does not present a significant threat to life. Treatment involves pain control and immobilizing the affected area, and, later, [[physical therapy]].

==Pathophysiology==
===Anatomy===
The scapula has a body, neck, and spine; any of these may be fractured. The most commonly injured areas are the scapular body, spine, neck, and glenoid rim; the scapular body or neck is injured in about 80% of cases. Fractures that occur in the body may be vertical, horizontal, or comminuted (involving multiple fragments). Those that occur in the neck are usually parallel to the [[Glenoid cavity|glenoid fossa]]. When they occur in the glenoid fossa, fractures are usually small chips out of the bone or extensions of fractures occurring in the scapular neck.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite book| author=Queiroz R, Sucov A |chapter=The clavicle and scapula |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pOGtwBQ9aBMC&pg=PA117&sig=ACfU3U2xI0qiZ2gnk2JryiWBKasdv6QoIg |editor=Schwartz DM, Reisdorff E (eds.)|title=Emergency Radiology |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=pp. 117-134 |isbn=0-07-050827-5 }}</ref>

The scapula is protected from the front by the ribcage and chest, and from the back it is protected by a thick layer of muscles.<ref name="Goss06">
{{
cite book |author=Goss TP, Owens BD|editor=Iannotti JP, Williams GR |chapter=Fractures of the scapula: Diagnosis and treatment|title=Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |pages=794–795|isbn=0-7817-5678-2
}}
</ref> Also, the scapula is able to move, so traumatic forces exerted on it are dissipated, not absorbed by the bone.<ref name="Goss06"/> Thus a large amount of force is required to fracture it.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Causes==
Usually, it takes a large amount of energy to fracture the scapula; the force may be indirect but is more often direct.<ref name="Goss06"/> The scapula is fractured as the result of significant [[blunt trauma]], as occurs in [[vehicle collision]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> About three quarters of cases are caused by high-speed car and motorcycle collisions.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Falls and blows to the shoulder area can also cause the injury.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Crushing injuries (as may occur in railroad or forestry accidents) and sports injuries (as may occur in horseback riding or skiing) can also fracture the scapula.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/> Scapular fracture can result from electrical shocks and from [[seizure]]s: muscles pulling in different directions contract powerfully at the same time.<ref name="Wiedemann00q">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 504. "Scapular fractures may be caused by forceful contraction of divergent muscles elicited by a seizure or by electrical shock." </ref> In [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], the chest is compressed significantly; scapular fracture may occur as a complication of this technique.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Scapular fracture is present in about 1% of cases of [[blunt trauma]]<ref name="Moore03"/> and 3–5% of shoulder injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> An estimated 0.4–1% of bone fractures are scapular fractures.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

The injury is associated with other injuries 80–90% of the time.<ref name="Moore03"/> Scapular fracture is associated with [[pulmonary contusion]] more than 50% of the time.<ref name="Allen96">
{{
cite journal |author=Allen GS, Coates NE |title=Pulmonary contusion: A collective review |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=pp. 895–900 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8895709
}}
</ref> Thus when the scapula is fractured, other injuries such as [[abdominal trauma|abdominal]] and [[chest trauma]] are automatically suspected.<ref name="Moore03"/> People with scapular fractures often also have injuries of the ribs, lung, and shoulder.<ref name="Schwartz"/> [[Pneumothorax]] (an accumulation of air in the [[pleural cavity|the space outside the lung]]), [[clavicle fracture]]s, and injuries to the blood vessels are among the most commonly associated injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> The forces involved in scapular fracture can also cause [[tracheobronchial rupture]], a tear in the airways.<ref name="Hwang96">
{{
cite journal |author= Hwang JCF, Hanowell LH, Grande CM |title=Peri-operative concerns in thoracic trauma |journal= Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology |volume = 10 |issue = 1 |page=123–153 |doi= doi:10.1016/S0950-3501(96)80009-2 | date=1996
}}
</ref> Fractures that occur in the scapular body are the type most likely to be accompanied by other injuries; other bony and soft tissue injuries accompany these fractures 80–95% of the time.<ref name="Goss06"/> Associated injuries can be serious and potentially deadly,<ref name="Goss06"/> and usually it is the associated injuries, rather than the scapular fracture, that have the greatest effect on the outcome.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Scapular fractures can also occur by themselves; when they do, the death rate ([[mortality rate|mortality]]) is not significantly increased.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

The mean age of people affected is 35–45 years.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

==Diagnosis==
===History and Symptoms===
As with other types of fractures, scapular fracture may be associated with pain localized to the area of the fracture, [[tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]], swelling, and [[crepitus]] (the crunching sound of bone ends grinding together).<ref name="Moore03"/> Since scapular fractures impair the motion of the shoulder, a person with a scapular fracture has a reduced ability to move the shoulder joint.<ref name="Wiedemann00">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) pp. 504–507 </ref> Signs and symptoms may be masked by other injuries that accompany the scapular fracture.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

===Chest X ray===
Most fractures of the scapula can be seen on a [[chest X-ray]]; however, they may be missed during examination of the film.<ref name="Moore03"/> Serious associated injuries may distract from the scapular injury,<ref name="Schwartz"/> and diagnosis is often delayed.<ref name="Goss06"/>
Scapular fractures can be detected in the standard chest and shoulder radiographs that are given to patients who have suffered significant [[physical trauma]], but much of the scapula is hidden by the ribs on standard chest [[X-ray]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Therefore, if scapular injury is suspected, more specific images of the scapular area can be taken.<ref name="Schwartz"/>
===CT===
[[Computed tomography]] may also be used.<ref name="Moore03"/>

==Treatment==
Treatment involves pain medication and immobilization at first; later, [[physical therapy]] is used.<ref name="Moore03"/> Ice over the affected area may increase comfort.<ref name="Wiedemann00a">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 510 </ref> Movement exercises are begun within at least a week of the injury; with these, fractures with little or no displacement heal without problems.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Over 90% of scapular fractures are not significantly displaced; therefore, most of these fractures are best managed without surgery.<ref name="Goss06"/> Fractures of the scapular body with displacement may heal with malunion, but even this may not interfere with movement of the affected shoulder.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> However, displaced fractures in the scapular processes or in the glenoid do interfere with movement in the affected shoulder if they are not realigned properly.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Therefore, while most scapular fractures are managed without surgery, surgical reduction is required for fractures in the neck or glenoid; otherwise motion of the shoulder may be impaired.<ref name="MillerLA06">
{{
cite journal |author=Miller LA |title=Chest wall, lung, and pleural space trauma |journal=Radiologic Clinics of North America|volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=213–24, viii |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16500204 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2005.10.006
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2007). [http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00359 Fracture of the shoulder blade (scapula)]. Retrieved on 2008-08-03.

{{Chest trauma}}
{{fractures}}

[[Category:Chest trauma]]
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Scapular fracture

2013-06-12T17:15:34Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Epidemiology */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
| Name = Scapular fracture
| Image =
| Caption =
}}
[[Image:Illu pectoral girdles.jpg|right|thumb|The scapula, on left.]]
[[Image:Gray205 left scapula lateral view.png|thumb|right|Lateral view of the left scapula]]
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
A scapular fracture is a [[bone fracture|fracture]] of the [[scapula]], the shoulder blade. The scapula is sturdy and located in a protected place, so it rarely breaks. When it does, it is an indication that the individual was subjected to a considerable amount of force and that severe [[chest trauma]] may be present.<ref name="Moore03">{{cite book | chapter=Trauma to the chest wall and lung | author=Livingston DH, Hauser CJ | title=Trauma. Fifth Edition | editor=Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL | year=2003 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=0-07-137069-2 | pages=p. 516 }}</ref> High-speed vehicle accidents are the most common cause, but falls and blows to the area can also be responsible for the injury. Signs and symptoms are similar to those of other fractures: they include pain, tenderness, and reduced motion of the affected area. Imaging techniques such as X-ray are used to diagnose scapular fracture, but the injury may not be noticed in part because it is so frequently accompanied by other, severe injuries that demand attention. The injuries that usually accompany scapular fracture generally have the greatest impact on the patient's outcome. However, the injury can also occur by itself; when it does, it does not present a significant threat to life. Treatment involves pain control and immobilizing the affected area, and, later, [[physical therapy]].

==Pathophysiology==
===Anatomy===
The scapula has a body, neck, and spine; any of these may be fractured. The most commonly injured areas are the scapular body, spine, neck, and glenoid rim; the scapular body or neck is injured in about 80% of cases. Fractures that occur in the body may be vertical, horizontal, or comminuted (involving multiple fragments). Those that occur in the neck are usually parallel to the [[Glenoid cavity|glenoid fossa]]. When they occur in the glenoid fossa, fractures are usually small chips out of the bone or extensions of fractures occurring in the scapular neck.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite book| author=Queiroz R, Sucov A |chapter=The clavicle and scapula |chapterurl=http://books.google.ca/books?id=pOGtwBQ9aBMC&pg=PA117&sig=ACfU3U2xI0qiZ2gnk2JryiWBKasdv6QoIg |editor=Schwartz DM, Reisdorff E (eds.)|title=Emergency Radiology |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division |location=New York |year=1999 |pages=pp. 117-134 |isbn=0-07-050827-5 }}</ref>

The scapula is protected from the front by the ribcage and chest, and from the back it is protected by a thick layer of muscles.<ref name="Goss06">
{{
cite book |author=Goss TP, Owens BD|editor=Iannotti JP, Williams GR |chapter=Fractures of the scapula: Diagnosis and treatment|title=Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |pages=794–795|isbn=0-7817-5678-2
}}
</ref> Also, the scapula is able to move, so traumatic forces exerted on it are dissipated, not absorbed by the bone.<ref name="Goss06"/> Thus a large amount of force is required to fracture it.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Causes==
Usually, it takes a large amount of energy to fracture the scapula; the force may be indirect but is more often direct.<ref name="Goss06"/> The scapula is fractured as the result of significant [[blunt trauma]], as occurs in [[vehicle collision]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> About three quarters of cases are caused by high-speed car and motorcycle collisions.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Falls and blows to the shoulder area can also cause the injury.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Crushing injuries (as may occur in railroad or forestry accidents) and sports injuries (as may occur in horseback riding or skiing) can also fracture the scapula.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/> Scapular fracture can result from electrical shocks and from [[seizure]]s: muscles pulling in different directions contract powerfully at the same time.<ref name="Wiedemann00q">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 504. "Scapular fractures may be caused by forceful contraction of divergent muscles elicited by a seizure or by electrical shock." </ref> In [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], the chest is compressed significantly; scapular fracture may occur as a complication of this technique.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Scapular fracture is present in about 1% of cases of [[blunt trauma]]<ref name="Moore03"/> and 3–5% of shoulder injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> An estimated 0.4–1% of bone fractures are scapular fractures.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

The injury is associated with other injuries 80–90% of the time.<ref name="Moore03"/> Scapular fracture is associated with [[pulmonary contusion]] more than 50% of the time.<ref name="Allen96">
{{
cite journal |author=Allen GS, Coates NE |title=Pulmonary contusion: A collective review |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=pp. 895–900 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8895709
}}
</ref> Thus when the scapula is fractured, other injuries such as [[abdominal trauma|abdominal]] and [[chest trauma]] are automatically suspected.<ref name="Moore03"/> People with scapular fractures often also have injuries of the ribs, lung, and shoulder.<ref name="Schwartz"/> [[Pneumothorax]] (an accumulation of air in the [[pleural cavity|the space outside the lung]]), [[clavicle fracture]]s, and injuries to the blood vessels are among the most commonly associated injuries.<ref name="Schwartz"/> The forces involved in scapular fracture can also cause [[tracheobronchial rupture]], a tear in the airways.<ref name="Hwang96">
{{
cite journal |author= Hwang JCF, Hanowell LH, Grande CM |title=Peri-operative concerns in thoracic trauma |journal= Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology |volume = 10 |issue = 1 |page=123–153 |doi= doi:10.1016/S0950-3501(96)80009-2 | date=1996
}}
</ref> Fractures that occur in the scapular body are the type most likely to be accompanied by other injuries; other bony and soft tissue injuries accompany these fractures 80–95% of the time.<ref name="Goss06"/> Associated injuries can be serious and potentially deadly,<ref name="Goss06"/> and usually it is the associated injuries, rather than the scapular fracture, that have the greatest effect on the outcome.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Scapular fractures can also occur by themselves; when they do, the death rate ([[mortality rate|mortality]]) is not significantly increased.<ref name="Schwartz"/>

The mean age of people affected is 35–45 years.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>

==Diagnosis==
===Signs and symptoms===
As with other types of fractures, scapular fracture may be associated with pain localized to the area of the fracture, [[tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]], swelling, and [[crepitus]] (the crunching sound of bone ends grinding together).<ref name="Moore03"/> Since scapular fractures impair the motion of the shoulder, a person with a scapular fracture has a reduced ability to move the shoulder joint.<ref name="Wiedemann00">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) pp. 504–507 </ref> Signs and symptoms may be masked by other injuries that accompany the scapular fracture.<ref name="Wiedemann00"/>
===Chest X ray===
Most fractures of the scapula can be seen on a [[chest X-ray]]; however, they may be missed during examination of the film.<ref name="Moore03"/> Serious associated injuries may distract from the scapular injury,<ref name="Schwartz"/> and diagnosis is often delayed.<ref name="Goss06"/>
Scapular fractures can be detected in the standard chest and shoulder radiographs that are given to patients who have suffered significant [[physical trauma]], but much of the scapula is hidden by the ribs on standard chest [[X-ray]]s.<ref name="Schwartz"/> Therefore, if scapular injury is suspected, more specific images of the scapular area can be taken.<ref name="Schwartz"/>
===CT===
[[Computed tomography]] may also be used.<ref name="Moore03"/>

==Treatment==
Treatment involves pain medication and immobilization at first; later, [[physical therapy]] is used.<ref name="Moore03"/> Ice over the affected area may increase comfort.<ref name="Wiedemann00a">Wiedemann ''et al.'' (2000) p. 510 </ref> Movement exercises are begun within at least a week of the injury; with these, fractures with little or no displacement heal without problems.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Over 90% of scapular fractures are not significantly displaced; therefore, most of these fractures are best managed without surgery.<ref name="Goss06"/> Fractures of the scapular body with displacement may heal with malunion, but even this may not interfere with movement of the affected shoulder.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> However, displaced fractures in the scapular processes or in the glenoid do interfere with movement in the affected shoulder if they are not realigned properly.<ref name="Wiedemann00a"/> Therefore, while most scapular fractures are managed without surgery, surgical reduction is required for fractures in the neck or glenoid; otherwise motion of the shoulder may be impaired.<ref name="MillerLA06">
{{
cite journal |author=Miller LA |title=Chest wall, lung, and pleural space trauma |journal=Radiologic Clinics of North America|volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=213–24, viii |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16500204 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2005.10.006
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2007). [http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00359 Fracture of the shoulder blade (scapula)]. Retrieved on 2008-08-03.

{{Chest trauma}}
{{fractures}}

[[Category:Chest trauma]]
[[Category:Bone fractures]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome CT

2013-06-12T16:39:34Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* CT */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[help:How to Edit a Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{CMG}}, {{FK}}
==CT==
In majority of cases, patients with a normal chest X-ray will not need a chest CT. The chest CT is indicated to evaluate abnormalities found on chest X-ray, such as possible pulmonary nodules or masses, parenchymal infiltrates. CT angiography (CTA) of the chest is done when pulmonary embolism needs to be ruled out.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs content]]

Hyperventilation syndrome overview

2013-06-12T16:39:21Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* CT */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome }}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
In [[psychiatry]], hyperventilation syndrome is an episodic disorder that often presents with [[chest pain]] and a tingling sensation of the fingertips ([[paresthesia]]) and around the mouth, as well as deep and labored [[Breath|breathing]] (causing [[hyperventilation]]), although [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] but subtle hyperventilation can cause these symptoms too.

==Risk Factors==
Hyperventilation syndrome can be triggered by emotions of stress, anxiety, depression, or anger. Occasional hyperventilation from [[panic]] is generally related to a specific fear or [[phobia]], such as a fear of heights, dying, or closed-in spaces ([[claustrophobia]]).

==Diagnosis==

===Chest X Ray===
Chest radiography is usually performed to rule out any acute pulmonary or cardiac pathology. In patients with hyperventilation syndrome a chest X-ray should be normal.

===CT===
In majority of cases, patients with a normal chest X-ray will not need a chest CT. The chest CT is indicated to evaluate abnormalities found on chest X-ray, such as possible pulmonary nodules or masses, parenchymal infiltrates. CT angiography (CTA) of the chest is done when pulmonary embolism needs to be ruled out.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome overview

2013-06-12T16:11:28Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome }}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
In [[psychiatry]], hyperventilation syndrome is an episodic disorder that often presents with [[chest pain]] and a tingling sensation of the fingertips ([[paresthesia]]) and around the mouth, as well as deep and labored [[Breath|breathing]] (causing [[hyperventilation]]), although [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] but subtle hyperventilation can cause these symptoms too.

==Risk Factors==
Hyperventilation syndrome can be triggered by emotions of stress, anxiety, depression, or anger. Occasional hyperventilation from [[panic]] is generally related to a specific fear or [[phobia]], such as a fear of heights, dying, or closed-in spaces ([[claustrophobia]]).

==Diagnosis==

===Chest X Ray===
Chest radiography is usually performed to rule out any acute pulmonary or cardiac pathology. In patients with hyperventilation syndrome a chest X-ray should be normal.

===CT===
In majority of cases, patients with a normal chest X-ray will not need a chest CT. The chest CT is indicated to evaluate abnormalities found on chest X-ray, such as possible pulmonary nodules or masses, parenchymal infiltrates. CT angiography(CTA) of the chest is done when pulmonary embolism needs to be ruled out.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome physical examination

2013-06-12T16:08:14Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Appearance of the Patient */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
{{CMG}}, {{FK}}

==Physical Examination==

===Appearance of the Patient===
In acute HVS, obvious [[tachypnea]] and [[hyperpnea]] are present. In chronic hyperventilation syndrome, rapid or deep breathing is usually not apparent, but the individual may sigh deeply 2 to 3 times a minute. Frequent, sighing respirations and frequent yawning are noted. Characteristically, patients have multiple complaints without much supporting physical evidence of disease.

===Abdomen===
The upper chest wall may be tender from muscle fatigue. However, this is not a helpful finding, because chest wall tenderness is also found in [[costochondritis]] and in a wide variety of other serious and benign thoracoabdominal diseases.

===Neurologic===
Manifestations of anxiety such as tremor, mydriasis, pallor, tachycardia can occur. Evidence of depersonalization or hallucination may be noted.

===Other===
Signs due to electrolyte abnormalities:
*Carpopedal spasm: Occurs when Chemical changes associated with decreased carbon dioxide levels may cause involuntary contraction of the hands called carpopedal spasm.

*Chvostek or Trousseau signs: May be positive because of low calcium levels.

*Wheezing: May be heard because of bronchospasm from hypocarbia.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T16:06:12Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}

==Causes==

===Common Causes===

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
*[[Dental abscess]]
*Jaw alignment disorder
*Jaw injury
*[[Osteomyelitis]]

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angina pectoris]], [[Canon a waves]], [[MI]], [[temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| no underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Amerge]] ([[Naratriptan]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media ]], [[parotitis]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Caffey's disease
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Jaw cyst, [[TMJ]], [[trismus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Headache]], [[migraine]], [[trigeminal neuralgia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head and neck cancer]], jaw tumor, neck cancer
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tetany]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthritis]], jaw alignment disorder, jaw arthritis, [[osteoarthritis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[septic arthritis]], [[temporomandibular joint pain]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Broken jaw, jaw injury, [[trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental caries]], [[dental surgery]], [[tooth decay]], wisdom tooth extraction
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bruxism]], [[toothache]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===

*[[Angina pectoris]]

*[[MI]]

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]

*[[Arthritis]]

*[[Bisphosphonates]]

*Broken jaw

*[[Bruxism]]

*Caffey's disease

*[[Cervical adenitis]]

*[[Dental abscess]]

*[[Dental caries]]

*[[Dental surgery]]

*[[Head and neck cancer]]

*[[Headache]]

*[[Herpes zoster]]

*[[Hypocalcemic tetany]]

*Jaw alignment disorder

*Jaw arthritis

*Jaw cyst

*Jaw injury

*Jaw tumor

*[[Ludwig's angina]]

*[[Lymphadenitis]]

*[[Migraine]]

*Neck cancer

*[[Nose infections]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Osteomyelitis]]

*[[Otitis media]]

*[[Parotitis]]

*[[Quinsy]]

*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]

*[[Septic arthritis]]

*[[Sinus infections]]

*[[Sinusitis]]

*[[Suppurative parotitis]]

*[[Temporal arteritis]]

*[[Temporomandibular joint pain]]

*[[Tetanus]]

*[[TMJ ]]

*[[Tooth decay]]

*[[Toothache]]

*[[Trauma]]

*[[Trigeminal neuralgia]]

*[[Trismus]]

*Wisdom tooth extraction

==Related Chapters==
* [[Pain]]
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T16:05:29Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T16:05:09Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}

==Causes==

===Common Causes===

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
*[[Dental abscess]]
*Jaw alignment disorder
*Jaw injury
*[[Osteomyelitis]]

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angina pectoris]], [[Canon a waves]], [[MI]], [[temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| no underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Amerge]] ([[Naratriptan]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media ]], [[parotitis]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Caffey's disease
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Jaw cyst, [[TMJ]], [[trismus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Headache]], [[migraine]], [[trigeminal neuralgia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head and neck cancer]], jaw tumor, neck cancer
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tetany]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthritis]], jaw alignment disorder, jaw arthritis, [[osteoarthritis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[septic arthritis]], [[temporomandibular joint pain]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Broken jaw, jaw injury, [[trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental caries]], [[dental surgery]], [[tooth decay]], wisdom tooth extraction
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bruxism]], [[toothache]]

|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===

*[[Angina pectoris]]

*[[MI]]

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]

*[[Arthritis]]

*[[Bisphosphonates]]

*Broken jaw

*[[Bruxism]]

*Caffey's disease

*[[Cervical adenitis]]

*[[Dental abscess]]

*[[Dental caries]]

*[[Dental surgery]]

*[[Head and neck cancer]]

*[[Headache]]

*[[Herpes zoster]]

*[[Hypocalcemic tetany]]

*Jaw alignment disorder

*Jaw arthritis

*Jaw cyst

*Jaw injury

*Jaw tumor

*[[Ludwig's angina]]

*[[Lymphadenitis]]

*[[Migraine]]

*Neck cancer

*[[Nose infections]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Osteomyelitis]]

*[[Otitis media]]

*[[Parotitis]]

*[[Quinsy]]

*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]

*[[Septic arthritis]]

*[[Sinus infections]]

*[[Sinusitis]]

*[[Suppurative parotitis]]

*[[Temporal arteritis]]

*[[Temporomandibular joint pain]]

*[[Tetanus]]

*[[TMJ ]]

*[[Tooth decay]]

*[[Toothache]]

*[[Trauma]]

*[[Trigeminal neuralgia]]

*[[Trismus]]

*Wisdom tooth extraction

==Related Chapters==
* [[Pain]]
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T16:01:25Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}

==Causes==

===Common Causes===

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
*[[Dental abscess]]
*Jaw alignment disorder
*Jaw injury
*[[Osteomyelitis]]

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angina pectoris]], [[Canon a waves]], [[MI]], [[temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| no underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Amerge]] ([[Naratriptan]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media ]], [[parotitis]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Caffey's disease
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical adenitis]], [[Dental abscess]], [[Herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[Nose infections]], [[Osteomyelitis]], [[Quinsy]], [[Sinus infections]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Suppurative parotitis]], [[Tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Jaw cyst, [[TMJ]], [[Trismus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Headache]], [[Migraine]], [[Trigeminal neuralgia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head and neck cancer]], Jaw tumor, Neck cancer
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tetany]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthritis]], Jaw alignment disorder, Jaw arthritis, [[Osteoarthritis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Septic arthritis]], [[Temporomandibular joint pain]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Broken jaw, Jaw injury, [[Trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental caries]], [[Dental surgery]], [[Tooth decay]], Wisdom tooth extraction
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bruxism]], [[Toothache]]

|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===

*[[Angina pectoris]]

*[[MI]]

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]

*[[Arthritis]]

*[[Bisphosphonates]]

*Broken jaw

*[[Bruxism]]

*Caffey's disease

*[[Cervical adenitis]]

*[[Dental abscess]]

*[[Dental caries]]

*[[Dental surgery]]

*[[Head and neck cancer]]

*[[Headache]]

*[[Herpes zoster]]

*[[Hypocalcemic tetany]]

*Jaw alignment disorder

*Jaw arthritis

*Jaw cyst

*Jaw injury

*Jaw tumor

*[[Ludwig's angina]]

*[[Lymphadenitis]]

*[[Migraine]]

*Neck cancer

*[[Nose infections]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Osteomyelitis]]

*[[Otitis media]]

*[[Parotitis]]

*[[Quinsy]]

*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]

*[[Septic arthritis]]

*[[Sinus infections]]

*[[Sinusitis]]

*[[Suppurative parotitis]]

*[[Temporal arteritis]]

*[[Temporomandibular joint pain]]

*[[Tetanus]]

*[[TMJ ]]

*[[Tooth decay]]

*[[Toothache]]

*[[Trauma]]

*[[Trigeminal neuralgia]]

*[[Trismus]]

*Wisdom tooth extraction

==Related Chapters==
* [[Pain]]
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T16:00:50Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}

==Causes==

===Common Causes===

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
*[[Dental abscess]]
*Jaw alignment disorder
*Jaw injury
*[[Osteomyelitis]]

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angina pectoris]], [[Canon a waves]],[[MI]], [[Temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| no underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Amerge]] ([[Naratriptan]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media ]], [[parotitis]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[cervical adenitis]], [[dental abscess]], [[herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[nose infections]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[quinsy]], [[sinus infections]], [[sinusitis]], [[suppurative parotitis]], [[tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Caffey's disease
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical adenitis]], [[Dental abscess]], [[Herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[Nose infections]], [[Osteomyelitis]], [[Quinsy]], [[Sinus infections]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Suppurative parotitis]], [[Tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Jaw cyst, [[TMJ]], [[Trismus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Headache]], [[Migraine]], [[Trigeminal neuralgia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head and neck cancer]], Jaw tumor, Neck cancer
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tetany]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthritis]], Jaw alignment disorder, Jaw arthritis, [[Osteoarthritis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Septic arthritis]], [[Temporomandibular joint pain]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Broken jaw, Jaw injury, [[Trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental caries]], [[Dental surgery]], [[Tooth decay]], Wisdom tooth extraction
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bruxism]], [[Toothache]]

|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===

*[[Angina pectoris]]

*[[MI]]

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]

*[[Arthritis]]

*[[Bisphosphonates]]

*Broken jaw

*[[Bruxism]]

*Caffey's disease

*[[Cervical adenitis]]

*[[Dental abscess]]

*[[Dental caries]]

*[[Dental surgery]]

*[[Head and neck cancer]]

*[[Headache]]

*[[Herpes zoster]]

*[[Hypocalcemic tetany]]

*Jaw alignment disorder

*Jaw arthritis

*Jaw cyst

*Jaw injury

*Jaw tumor

*[[Ludwig's angina]]

*[[Lymphadenitis]]

*[[Migraine]]

*Neck cancer

*[[Nose infections]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Osteomyelitis]]

*[[Otitis media]]

*[[Parotitis]]

*[[Quinsy]]

*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]

*[[Septic arthritis]]

*[[Sinus infections]]

*[[Sinusitis]]

*[[Suppurative parotitis]]

*[[Temporal arteritis]]

*[[Temporomandibular joint pain]]

*[[Tetanus]]

*[[TMJ ]]

*[[Tooth decay]]

*[[Toothache]]

*[[Trauma]]

*[[Trigeminal neuralgia]]

*[[Trismus]]

*Wisdom tooth extraction

==Related Chapters==
* [[Pain]]
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Jaw pain

2013-06-12T15:57:33Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Common Causes */

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}

==Causes==

===Common Causes===

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
*[[Dental abscess]]
*Jaw alignment disorder
*Jaw injury
*[[Osteomyelitis]]

===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Angina pectoris]], [[Canon a waves]],[[MI]], [[Temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| no underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bisphosphonates]], Amerge([[Naratriptan]])
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media ]], [[Parotitis]], [[Lymphadenitis]], [[Cervical adenitis]], [[Dental abscess]], [[Herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[Nose infections]], [[Osteomyelitis]], [[Quinsy]], [[Sinus infections]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Suppurative parotitis]], [[Tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Caffey's disease
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical adenitis]], [[Dental abscess]], [[Herpes zoster]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[Nose infections]], [[Osteomyelitis]], [[Quinsy]], [[Sinus infections]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Suppurative parotitis]], [[Tetanus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Jaw cyst, [[TMJ]], [[Trismus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Headache]], [[Migraine]], [[Trigeminal neuralgia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head and neck cancer]], Jaw tumor, Neck cancer
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tetany]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthritis]], Jaw alignment disorder, Jaw arthritis, [[Osteoarthritis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Septic arthritis]], [[Temporomandibular joint pain]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Broken jaw, Jaw injury, [[Trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental caries]], [[Dental surgery]], [[Tooth decay]], Wisdom tooth extraction
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bruxism]], [[Toothache]]

|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===

*[[Angina pectoris]]

*[[MI]]

*[[Acute post-extraction osteitis]]

*[[Arthritis]]

*[[Bisphosphonates]]

*Broken jaw

*[[Bruxism]]

*Caffey's disease

*[[Cervical adenitis]]

*[[Dental abscess]]

*[[Dental caries]]

*[[Dental surgery]]

*[[Head and neck cancer]]

*[[Headache]]

*[[Herpes zoster]]

*[[Hypocalcemic tetany]]

*Jaw alignment disorder

*Jaw arthritis

*Jaw cyst

*Jaw injury

*Jaw tumor

*[[Ludwig's angina]]

*[[Lymphadenitis]]

*[[Migraine]]

*Neck cancer

*[[Nose infections]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Osteomyelitis]]

*[[Otitis media]]

*[[Parotitis]]

*[[Quinsy]]

*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]

*[[Septic arthritis]]

*[[Sinus infections]]

*[[Sinusitis]]

*[[Suppurative parotitis]]

*[[Temporal arteritis]]

*[[Temporomandibular joint pain]]

*[[Tetanus]]

*[[TMJ ]]

*[[Tooth decay]]

*[[Toothache]]

*[[Trauma]]

*[[Trigeminal neuralgia]]

*[[Trismus]]

*Wisdom tooth extraction

==Related Chapters==
* [[Pain]]
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Hyperventilation syndrome

2013-06-12T15:38:09Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Related Chapters */

__NOTOC__
'''For patient information click [[Hyperventilation syndrome (patient information)|here]]'''

{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
{{CMG}}

{{SK}} Rapid deep breathing; breathing - rapid and deep; overbreathing; fast deep breathing; respiratory rate - rapid and deep; HVS
==[[Hyperventilation syndrome overview|Overview]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Hyperventilation syndrome causes|Causes]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hyperventilation syndrome from other Diseases]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Hyperventilation syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==
[[Hyperventilation syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms ]] | [[ Hyperventilation syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome CT|CT]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==
[[Hyperventilation syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hyperventilation syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==

[[Hyperventilation syndrome case study one|Case #1]]

==Related Chapters==
*[[Da costa's syndrome]]

[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome differential diagnosis

2013-06-12T15:22:39Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Differentiating Hyperventilation syndrome from other diseases */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
{{CMG}}, {{FK}}

==Differentiating Hyperventilation syndrome from other diseases==
Many serious and emergent medical conditions can present with symptoms also found in patients with hyperventilation syndrome. The differential diagnosis of HVS is broad, and includes:<ref name="pmid3708188">{{cite journal |author=Lewis RA, Howell JB |title=Definition of the hyperventilation syndrome |journal=[[Bulletin Européen De Physiopathologie Respiratoire]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=201–5 |year=1986 |pmid=3708188 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2013-05-28}}</ref>

===Cardiac===
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*Arrhythmia like [[atrial fibrillation]], [[Atrial flutter]]
*[[Heart failure]]

===Endocrine and Metabolic===
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Ketoacidosis]]
*Less frequently [[hypoglycemia]] or [[hypocalcemia]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Costochondritis]]

===Neurologic===
*[[Seizure disorder]]

===Pulmonary===
*[[Asthma]] exacerbation
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] exacerbation
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome differential diagnosis

2013-06-12T15:21:55Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Endocrine and Metabolic */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
{{CMG}}, {{FK}}

==Differentiating Hyperventilation syndrome from other diseases==
Many serious and emergent medical conditions can present with symptoms also found in patients with hyperventilation syndrome. The differential diagnosis of HVS is broad, and includes:<ref name="pmid3708188">{{cite journal |author=Lewis RA, Howell JB |title=Definition of the hyperventilation syndrome |journal=[[Bulletin Européen De Physiopathologie Respiratoire]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=201–5 |year=1986 |pmid=3708188 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2013-05-28}}</ref>

===Cardiac===
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*Arrhythmia like [[atrial fibrillation]], [[Atrial flutter]]
*[[Heart failure]]

===Endocrine and Metabolic===
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Ketoacidosis]]
*Less frequently [[hypoglycemia]] or [[hypocalcemia]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*Costochondritis

===Neurologic===
*Seizure disorder

===Pulmonary===
*Asthma exacerbation
*Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation
*Pneumonia
*Pneumothorax
*Pulmonary embolism

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Hyperventilation syndrome differential diagnosis

2013-06-12T15:21:32Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Cardiac */

__NOTOC__
{{Hyperventilation syndrome}}
{{CMG}}, {{FK}}

==Differentiating Hyperventilation syndrome from other diseases==
Many serious and emergent medical conditions can present with symptoms also found in patients with hyperventilation syndrome. The differential diagnosis of HVS is broad, and includes:<ref name="pmid3708188">{{cite journal |author=Lewis RA, Howell JB |title=Definition of the hyperventilation syndrome |journal=[[Bulletin Européen De Physiopathologie Respiratoire]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=201–5 |year=1986 |pmid=3708188 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2013-05-28}}</ref>

===Cardiac===
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*Arrhythmia like [[atrial fibrillation]], [[Atrial flutter]]
*[[Heart failure]]

===Endocrine and Metabolic===
*Hyperthyroidism
*Ketoacidosis
*Less frequently hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia

===Musculoskeletal===
*Costochondritis

===Neurologic===
*Seizure disorder

===Pulmonary===
*Asthma exacerbation
*Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation
*Pneumonia
*Pneumothorax
*Pulmonary embolism

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Cystitis (patient information)

2013-06-12T15:09:38Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Who is at highest risk? */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis (patient information)}}
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Cystitis|here]]'''

{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{HP}}

==Overview==
Acute cystitis is a bacterial infection of the [[bladder]] or lower urinary tract. Acute means sudden or severe.

==What are the symptoms of Cystitis?==
The symptoms of a cystitis (bladder infection) include:

*Cloudy or bloody [[urine]], which may have a foul or strong odor
*Low [[fever]] (not everyone will have a fever)
*Pain or burning with urination
*Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen (usually middle) or back
*Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied

Often in an elderly person, mental changes or confusion are the only signs of a possible [[urinary tract infection]].

==What causes Cystitis?==
Cystitis is caused by germs, usually [[bacteria]] that enter the [[urethra]] and then the bladder. These bacteria can lead to infection, most commonly in the bladder. The infection can spread to the [[kidneys]].

Most of the time, your body can get rid of these bacteria when you urinate. However, sometimes the bacteria can stick to the wall of the urethra or bladder, or grow so fast that some bacteria stay in the bladder.

Women tend to get infections more often than men because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus. For this reason, women are more likely to get an infection after sexual intercourse or when using a diaphragm for birth control. Menopause also increases the risk for a urinary tract infection.

Most cases are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria found in the intestines.

==Who is at highest risk?==
The following increase your chances of developing cystitis:

*A tube called a urinary catheter inserted in your bladder
*Blockage of the bladder or urethra
*[[Diabetes]]
*Enlarged [[prostate]], narrowed urethra, or anything that blocks the flow of urine
*Loss of bowel control (bowel incontinence)
*Older age (especially in people who live in nursing homes)
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Problems fully emptying your bladder ([[urinary retention]])
*Procedures that involve the urinary tract
*Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, when you are recovering from a [[hip fracture]])

==Diagnosis==
A urine sample is usually collected to perform the following tests:

*[[Urinalysis]] is done to look for white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and to test for certain chemicals, such as nitrites in the urine. Most of the time, your doctor or nurse can diagnose an infection using a urinalysis.
*[[Urine culture]] - clean catch may be done to identify the bacteria in the urine to make sure the correct antibiotic is being used for treatment.

==When to seek urgent medical care?==
Call your health care provider if:

*You have symptoms of cystitis
*You have already been diagnosed and symptoms get worse
*New symptoms develop, particularly fever, back pain, stomach pain, or vomiting

==Treatment options==
Antibiotics taken by mouth are usually recommended because there is a risk that the infection can spread to the kidneys.

*For a simple bladder infection, you will take antibiotics for 3 days (women) or 7 - 14 days (men). For a bladder infection with complications such as pregnancy or diabetes, OR a mild kidney infection, you will usually take antibiotics for 7 - 14 days.
*It is important that you finish all the antibiotics, even if you feel better. People who do not finish their antibiotics may develop an infection that is harder to treat.

Your doctor may also recommend drugs to relieve the burning pain and urgent need to urinate. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) is the most common of this type of drug. You will still need to take antibiotics.

Everyone with a bladder infection should drink plenty of water.

Some women have repeat or recurrent bladder infections. Your doctor may suggest several different ways of treating these.

*Taking a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual contact may prevent these infections, which occur after sexual activity.
*Some women may need to have a 3-day course of antibiotics at home to use for infections, based on their symptoms.
*Some women may also try taking a single, daily dose of an antibiotic to prevent infections.

Follow-up may include urine cultures to make sure the bacterial infection is gone.

==Where to find medical care for Cystitis?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Condition}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Condition]

==Prevention==
Over-the-counter products that increase acid in the urine, such as ascorbic acid or cranberry juice, may be recommended to decrease the concentration of bacteria in the urine.

Lifestyle changes may help prevent some urinary tract infections.

==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
Most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable, but go away without complications after treatment.

==Possible complications==
Most cases of cystitis go away without complications after treatment.

==Sources==
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm

[[Category:Patient information]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Cystitis

2013-06-12T15:05:11Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* External Links */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
'''For patient information click [[Cystitis (patient information)|here]].
'''

{{CMG}} {{SCC}}

==[[Cystitis overview|Overview]]==

==[[Cystitis classification|Classification]]==

==[[Cystitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Cystitis causes|Causes]]==

==[[Cystitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cystitis from other Diseases]]==

==[[Cystitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Cystitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[Cystitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cystitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cystitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cystitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[Cystitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cystitis prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cystitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cystitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cystitis case study one|Case #1]]

==Related Chapters==
*[[Pyelonephritis]]

{{Nephrology}}

[[bg:Цистит]]
[[de:Zystitis]]
[[et:Tsüstiit]]
[[es:Cistitis]]
[[fr:Cystite]]
[[it:Cistite]]
[[he:דלקת שלפוחית השתן]]
[[mk:Цистит]]
[[nl:Blaasontsteking]]
[[pl:Zapalenie pęcherza moczowego]]
[[pt:Cistite]]
[[fi:Virtsarakontulehdus]]
[[sv:Nedre urinvägsinfektion]]
[[zh:膀胱炎]]
[[ja:膀胱炎]]
[[tr:Sistit]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

Cystitis

2013-06-12T15:03:43Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
'''For patient information click [[Cystitis (patient information)|here]].
'''

{{CMG}} {{SCC}}

==[[Cystitis overview|Overview]]==

==[[Cystitis classification|Classification]]==

==[[Cystitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Cystitis causes|Causes]]==

==[[Cystitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cystitis from other Diseases]]==

==[[Cystitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Cystitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[Cystitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cystitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cystitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cystitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[Cystitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cystitis prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cystitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cystitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cystitis case study one|Case #1]]

==Related Chapters==
*[[Pyelonephritis]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.gesundheitsinformation.de/uncomplicated-urinary-infections-how-do-short-and-long-courses-of.234.129.en.html Uncomplicated urinary infections: How do short and long courses of antibiotics compare?]
*[http://www.ic-network.com/ Interstitial Cystitis Network (ICN)]
*[http://www.canadaic.com/ Canada IC & OAB Resource Center]
*[http://www.icadvice.com/ Interstitial Cystitis Advice (A Patient Based Community for People with IC)]

{{Nephrology}}

[[bg:Цистит]]
[[de:Zystitis]]
[[et:Tsüstiit]]
[[es:Cistitis]]
[[fr:Cystite]]
[[it:Cistite]]
[[he:דלקת שלפוחית השתן]]
[[mk:Цистит]]
[[nl:Blaasontsteking]]
[[pl:Zapalenie pęcherza moczowego]]
[[pt:Cistite]]
[[fi:Virtsarakontulehdus]]
[[sv:Nedre urinvägsinfektion]]
[[zh:膀胱炎]]
[[ja:膀胱炎]]
[[tr:Sistit]]

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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

Cystitis medical therapy

2013-06-12T15:02:07Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}

{{SCC}}
==Overview==
Because of the risk of the infection spreading to the kidneys (complicated [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) and due to the high complication rate in the elderly population and in diabetics, prompt treatment is almost always recommended.
==Medical Therapy==
Antibiotics are used to control bacterial infection. It is vital that one finish an entire course of prescribed antibiotics. Commonly used antibiotics include:
* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
* [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
* [[Amoxicillin]]
* [[Cephalosporins]]
* [[Ciprofloxacin]] or [[levofloxacin]]

The choice of antibiotic should preferably be guided by the result of urine culture.
Chronic or recurrent UTI should be treated thoroughly because of the chance of kidney infection ([[pyelonephritis]]). Antibiotics control the bacterial infection. They may be required for long periods of time. [[Prophylactic]] low-dose antibiotics are sometimes recommended after acute symptoms have subsided.
[[Pyridium]] may be used to reduce the burning and urgency associated with cystitis. In addition, common substances that increase acid in the urine, such as ascorbic acid or cranberry juice, may be recommended to decrease the concentration of bacteria in the urine.
Follow-up may include urine cultures to ensure that bacteria are no longer present in the bladder.

;Shown below is a table summarizing the preferred and alternative empiric treatment for cystitis.<ref name="pmid21292654">{{cite journal| author=Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG et al.| title=International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 5 | pages= e103-20 | pmid=21292654 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciq257 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21292654 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="background:FloralWhite"
|- align="center"
|'''Characteristics of the Patient'''
|'''Possible Pathogens'''
|'''Preferred Treatment'''
|'''Duration of Treatment'''
|'''Alternative Treatment'''
|- align="center"
|Acute uncomplicated cystitis (1)
|Bacterial
|'''Nitrofurantoin'''(Macrobid) 100 mg PO Q12H

'''OR'''

'''TMP/SMX''' 1 DS tab PO Q12H (2)

'''OR'''

'''Fosfomycin''' 3 gm single dose (3)

'''OR'''

'''Pivmecillinam''' 400 mg bid (3)
|'''Nitrofurantoin''' for 5 days

'''OR'''

'''TMP/SMX''' for 3 days

'''OR'''

'''Fosfomycin''' single dose

'''OR'''

'''Pivmecillinam''' for 5 days

| The '''fluoroquinolones''', '''ofloxacin''', '''ciprofloxacin''', and ''''levofloxacin''', in 3-day regimens are highly efficacious.

'''OR'''

'''β-lactam agents''' including '''amoxicillin-clavulanate''', '''cefdinir''', '''cefaclor''', and '''cefpodoxime-proxetil''' in 3- to 7-day regimens

'''OR'''

Other '''β-lactams''', such as '''cephalexin''', are less well studied but may also be appropriate in certain settings.
|- align="center"
| Symtomatic cystitis in the non-neutropenic patient
| Candida
| '''Fluconazole''' 200 mg IV/PO once daily
| '''Fluconazole''' for 7 - 14 days
| '''Fluconazole - resistant organism suspected or confirmed'''
'''Amphotericin B ''' 0.3 - 0.6 mg/kg IV once daily for 1 - 7 days
|}

(1) Acute uncomplicated cystitis: Premenopausal, nonpregnant women with no known urological abnormalities or comorbidities,postmenopausal women or well-controlled diabetes female patient

(2) Avoid if resistance prevalence is known to exceed 20% or if used for UTI in previous 3 months

(3) Lower efficacy than some other recommended agents; avoid if pyelonephritis suspected

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis overview

2013-06-12T14:53:32Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}
==Overview==
Cystitis is [[inflammation]] of the [[urinary bladder]]. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either gender and all age groups.
==Treatment==

===Medical Therapy===

Because of the risk of the infection spreading to the kidneys (complicated [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) and due to the high complication rate in the elderly population and in diabetics, prompt treatment is almost always recommended.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis medical therapy

2013-06-12T14:52:41Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==Overview==
Because of the risk of the infection spreading to the kidneys (complicated [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) and due to the high complication rate in the elderly population and in diabetics, prompt treatment is almost always recommended.
==Medical Therapy==
Antibiotics are used to control bacterial infection. It is vital that one finish an entire course of prescribed antibiotics. Commonly used antibiotics include:
* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
* [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
* [[Amoxicillin]]
* [[Cephalosporins]]
* [[Ciprofloxacin]] or [[levofloxacin]]

The choice of antibiotic should preferably be guided by the result of urine culture.
Chronic or recurrent UTI should be treated thoroughly because of the chance of kidney infection ([[pyelonephritis]]). Antibiotics control the bacterial infection. They may be required for long periods of time. [[Prophylactic]] low-dose antibiotics are sometimes recommended after acute symptoms have subsided.
[[Pyridium]] may be used to reduce the burning and urgency associated with cystitis. In addition, common substances that increase acid in the urine, such as ascorbic acid or cranberry juice, may be recommended to decrease the concentration of bacteria in the urine.
Follow-up may include urine cultures to ensure that bacteria are no longer present in the bladder.

;Shown below is a table summarizing the preferred and alternative empiric treatment for cystitis.<ref name="pmid21292654">{{cite journal| author=Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG et al.| title=International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 5 | pages= e103-20 | pmid=21292654 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciq257 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21292654 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="background:FloralWhite"
|- align="center"
|'''Characteristics of the Patient'''
|'''Possible Pathogens'''
|'''Preferred Treatment'''
|'''Duration of Treatment'''
|'''Alternative Treatment'''
|- align="center"
|Acute uncomplicated cystitis (1)
|Bacterial
|'''Nitrofurantoin'''(Macrobid) 100 mg PO Q12H

'''OR'''

'''TMP/SMX''' 1 DS tab PO Q12H (2)

'''OR'''

'''Fosfomycin''' 3 gm single dose (3)

'''OR'''

'''Pivmecillinam''' 400 mg bid (3)
|'''Nitrofurantoin''' for 5 days

'''OR'''

'''TMP/SMX''' for 3 days

'''OR'''

'''Fosfomycin''' single dose

'''OR'''

'''Pivmecillinam''' for 5 days

| The '''fluoroquinolones''', '''ofloxacin''', '''ciprofloxacin''', and ''''levofloxacin''', in 3-day regimens are highly efficacious.

'''OR'''

'''β-lactam agents''' including '''amoxicillin-clavulanate''', '''cefdinir''', '''cefaclor''', and '''cefpodoxime-proxetil''' in 3- to 7-day regimens

'''OR'''

Other '''β-lactams''', such as '''cephalexin''', are less well studied but may also be appropriate in certain settings.
|- align="center"
| Symtomatic cystitis in the non-neutropenic patient
| Candida
| '''Fluconazole''' 200 mg IV/PO once daily
| '''Fluconazole''' for 7 - 14 days
| '''Fluconazole - resistant organism suspected or confirmed'''
'''Amphotericin B ''' 0.3 - 0.6 mg/kg IV once daily for 1 - 7 days
|}

(1) Acute uncomplicated cystitis: Premenopausal, nonpregnant women with no known urological abnormalities or comorbidities,postmenopausal women or well-controlled diabetes female patient

(2) Avoid if resistance prevalence is known to exceed 20% or if used for UTI in previous 3 months

(3) Lower efficacy than some other recommended agents; avoid if pyelonephritis suspected

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis other diagnostic studies

2013-06-12T14:52:24Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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Cystitis laboratory findings

2013-06-12T14:50:52Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Urinalysis */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==Laboratory Findings==
===Urinalysis===
* A [[urinalysis]] commonly reveals [[white blood cell]]s (WBCs) or [[red blood cells]] (RBCs).
*[[Pyuria]]: >5-10 WBC/hpf or 27 WBC/microliter
*Dipstick:
**[[Nitrate reductase test]]: The nitrate reductase test is a test to differentiate between [[bacteria]] based on their ability or inability to reduce [[nitrate]] (NO3) to [[nitrite]] (NO2) using [[anaerobic respiration]].
** [[Leukocyte esterase]]: [[Leukocyte esterase]] (LE) is a urine test for the presence of [[white blood cell]]s and other abnormalities associated with [[infection]].

===Urine Culture===
* A [[urine culture]] (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine and the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
* Most patients with [[urinary tract infection]] will have > 100,000 colonies of organism.

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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Cystitis laboratory findings

2013-06-12T14:46:45Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Laboratory Findings */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==Laboratory Findings==
===Urinalysis===
* A [[urinalysis]] commonly reveals [[white blood cell]]s (WBCs) or [[red blood cells]] (RBCs).
*[[Pyuria]]: >5-10 WBC/hpf or 27 WBC/microliter
*Dipstick:
**[[Nitrate reductase test]]: The nitrate reductase test is a test to differentiate between [[bacteria]] based on their ability or inability to reduce [[nitrate]] (NO3) to[[nitrite]] (NO2) using [[anaerobic respiration]].
** [[Leukocyte esterase]]: [[Leukocyte esterase]] (LE) is a urine test for the presence of [[white blood cell]]s and other abnormalities associated with [[infection]].

===Urine Culture===
* A [[urine culture]] (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine and the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
* Most patients with [[urinary tract infection]] will have > 100,000 colonies of organism.

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis laboratory findings

2013-06-12T14:45:34Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==Laboratory Findings==
===Urinalysis===
* A [[urinalysis]] commonly reveals [[white blood cells]] (WBCs) or [[red blood cells]] (RBCs).
*[[Pyuria]]: >5-10 WBC/hpf or 27 WBC/microlitre
*Dipstick:
**[[Nitrate reductase test]]: The nitrate reductase test is a test to differentiate between [[bacteria]] based on their ability or inability to reduce [[nitrate]] (NO3) to[[nitrite]] (NO2) using [[anaerobic respiration]].
** [[Leukocyte esterase]]: Leukocyte esterase (LE) is a urine test for the presence of [[white blood cell]]s and other abnormalities associated with [[infection]].

===Urine Culture===
* A [[urine culture]] (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine and the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.
* Most patients with [[Urinary tract infection]] will have > 100,000 colonies of organism.

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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Cystitis history and symptoms

2013-06-12T14:44:32Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* History and Symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==History and Symptoms==
* Abnormal urine color (cloudy), similar to a [[urinary tract infection]]
* Blood in the urine ([[hematuria]]) (similar to a female's period or bladder cancer)
* Foul or strong urine odor
* [[Frequent urination]] (AKA [[polyuria]]) or [[urgent need to urinate]] (AKA [[urgency]])
* Need to urinate at night ([[nocturia]], similar to prostate cancer or BPH)
* Painful urination ([[dysuria]])
* Pressure in the lower pelvis

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis history and symptoms

2013-06-12T14:42:26Z

Michael Maddaleni:

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

{{SCC}}
==History and Symptoms==
* Pressure in the lower pelvis
* Painful urination ([[dysuria]])
* [[Frequent urination]] (AKA [[polyuria]]) or [[urgent need to urinate]] (AKA [[urgency]])
* Need to urinate at night ([[nocturia]], similar to prostate cancer or BPH)
* Abnormal urine color (cloudy), similar to a [[urinary tract infection]]
* Blood in the urine ([[hematuria]]) (similar to a female's period or bladder cancer)
* Foul or strong urine odor
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis risk factors

2013-06-12T14:39:09Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{CMG}} {{SCC}}
==Risk Factors==
The following increase your chances of developing cystitis:

*A tube called a urinary catheter inserted in your bladder ([[catheterization]])
*Blockage of the bladder or urethra
*[[Diabetes]]
*Enlarged [[prostate]], narrowed [[urethra]], or anything that blocks the flow of urine
*Loss of bowel control ([[bowel incontinence]])
*Older age (especially in people who live in nursing homes)
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Problems with the patient being able to fully empty the bladder ([[urinary retention]])
*Procedures that involve the urinary tract
*Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, when a patient is recovering from a [[hip fracture]])

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis causes

2013-06-12T14:35:42Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}

==Causes==
===Common Causes===
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Cetrizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcilline]], [[Tranilast]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[diarrhea]], [[diverticulitis]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[radiotherapy]], [[urinary catheter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[enterobacter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]], [[gonorrhea]], [[klebsiella]], [[prostatitis]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[serratia]], [[sexually transmitted diseases]], [[staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[trichomoniasis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[alcohol]], [[caffeine]], [[chocolate]], [[poor nutrition]], [[tomatoes]], [[xanthinuria]], [[artificial sweeteners]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[gynecological cancers]], [[menopause]], [[PID]], [[pregnancy]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], men having sex with men, [[vigorous sex]], [[honeymoon cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[bladder incontinence]], [[congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[enlarged prostate]], [[honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[posterior urethral valve]], [[urachal cancer]], [[urachal cyst]], [[urethral syndrome]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary obstruction]], [[urinary stones]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]], [[urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[female gender]], [[foreign body cystitis]], [[immobility]], Not wiping from front to back (women), [[old age]], [[poor hygeine]], [[tampons]], [[tight fitting underwear]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*[[Tomatoes]]
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Urofacial syndrome

2013-06-12T14:12:28Z

Michael Maddaleni: ←Redirected page to Ochoa syndrome

#Redirect[[Ochoa syndrome]]

Cystitis causes

2013-06-12T14:11:25Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}

==Causes==
===Common Causes===
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Cetrizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcilline]], [[Tranilast]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[diarrhea]], [[diverticulitis]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[radiotherapy]], [[urinary catheter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[Chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[Enterobacter]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]], [[Gonorrhea]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Serratia]], [[Sexually transmitted diseases]], [[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[Trichomoniasis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine]], [[Chocolate]], [[Poor nutrition]], [[Tomatoes]], [[Xanthinuria]], [[Artificial sweeteners]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Menopause]], [[PID]], [[Pregnancy]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[Lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], [[Men having sex with men]], [[Vigorous sex]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[Benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[Bladder incontinence]], [[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[Enlarged prostate]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[Narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[Posterior urethral valve]], [[Urachal cancer]], [[Urachal cyst]], [[Urethral syndrome]], [[Urethritis]], [[Urinary obstruction]], [[Urinary stones]], [[Vescicoenteric fistula]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[Female gender]], [[Foreign body cystitis]], [[Immobility]], [[Not wiping from front to back (women)]], [[Old age]], [[Poor hygeine]], [[Tampons]], [[Tight fitting underwear]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*[[Tomatoes]]
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis causes

2013-06-12T14:10:16Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}

==Causes==
===Common Causes===
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Cetrizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcilline]], [[Tranilast]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[Diarrhea]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[Urinary catheter]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[Chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[Enterobacter]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]], [[Gonorrhea]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Serratia]], [[Sexually transmitted diseases]], [[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[Trichomoniasis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine]], [[Chocolate]], [[Poor nutrition]], [[Tomatoes]], [[Xanthinuria]], [[Artificial sweeteners]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Menopause]], [[PID]], [[Pregnancy]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[Lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], [[Men having sex with men]], [[Vigorous sex]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[Benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[Bladder incontinence]], [[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[Enlarged prostate]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[Narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[Posterior urethral valve]], [[Urachal cancer]], [[Urachal cyst]], [[Urethral syndrome]], [[Urethritis]], [[Urinary obstruction]], [[Urinary stones]], [[Vescicoenteric fistula]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[Female gender]], [[Foreign body cystitis]], [[Immobility]], [[Not wiping from front to back (women)]], [[Old age]], [[Poor hygeine]], [[Tampons]], [[Tight fitting underwear]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*[[Tomatoes]]
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cystitis causes

2013-06-12T14:07:55Z

Michael Maddaleni: /* Causes by Organ System */

__NOTOC__
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}

==Causes==
===Common Causes===
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Cetrizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[Drug induced cystitis]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcilline]], [[Tranilast]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[Diarrhea]], [[Diverticulitis]], [[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[Urinary catheter]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[Chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[Enterobacter]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]], [[Gonorrhea]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Prostatitis]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Schistosomiasis]], [[Serratia]], [[Sexually transmitted diseases]], [[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[Trichomoniasis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine]], [[Chocolate]], [[Poor nutrition]], [[Tomatoes]], [[Xanthinuria]], [[Artificial sweeteners]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Menopause]], [[PID]], [[Pregnancy]], [[Episiotomy scar infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[Lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], [[Men having sex with men]], [[Vigorous sex]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[Benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[Bladder incontinence]], [[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[Enlarged prostate]], [[Honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[Narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[Posterior urethral valve]], [[Urachal cancer]], [[Urachal cyst]], [[Urethral syndrome]], [[Urethritis]], [[Urinary obstruction]], [[Urinary stones]], [[Vescicoenteric fistula]], [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[Female gender]], [[Foreign body cystitis]], [[Immobility]], [[Not wiping from front to back (women)]], [[Old age]], [[Poor hygeine]], [[Tampons]], [[Tight fitting underwear]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*[[Tomatoes]]
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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